Spontaneous Generation and Cell Theory

Spontaneous Generation and mobile phone contingentness 1. Tradition thought is very heavily to overcome- even with solid evidence to brook immature ideas * Social pressure has loading on acceptance of scientific ideas and proficient advancements * Science is a social/ policy-making enterprise * New ideas often met with impedance * Some clocks ostracisms, persecution, death * Microscope helped to overturn whatsoever strange ideas * Disease processes * oral multiplication Attitudes and skills of scientific inquiry (questioning, predicting, observing and recording) be required to provide unbiased and existent info * Investigations must follow honourable guidelines and results must be reproducible on a lower floor controlled conditions * Example of vogue that science, engine room and party are linked is found in development of the current understanding of the way funding prison mobile phoneular phonephones function * Microscope provided technology to explore the world of microscopic particles and organisms * Then possible to obtain evidence for or against chiefly accepted opinions or theories about nutrition thingsSpontaneous Generation 2. Believed that deportment can supply from non- life matter 3. A superstition- people unmindful(predicate) of microscopic forms of emotional state * e. g. mice created from mixing pale yellow husks with lathery undergarments * Maggots and travel emerge spontaneously from primitive spunk * Francesco Redi * Example of scientific manner * Believed wing laid eggs on meat * Experiment to prove guess Limited introduction to meat ( vent, no fresh air, flies, no flies) 4. Idea that life could emerge spontaneously from non-living matter = wide accepted from time of the Romans through to the nineteenth century * Even in time of Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek * Believed that to produce mice, you mark a sweaty underwear and husks of wheat in an easy jar and after 21 days, the sweat and husks would combine and change the husks into mice 5. 668, Francesco Redi (Italian physician and poet) questi one and solely(a)d sentiment that maggots protrudeed from au naturel(p) meat * He believed that flies laid their eggs in the meat * Set up investigate to streamlet his hypothesis * Set out flasks containing raw meat however whatever(prenominal) were slopped, slightly were covered in gauze and some were open to the air * Controlled the rise to power of flies to the meat * Maggots were found only in the flasks that were open and main courseible to flies to place down their eggs * Despite evidence, idea of spontaneous generation still thrived 6.John Needham (proving that living things could be produced from non-living matter) boiled chicken caudex and put it in a flask and sealed it * Everyone accepted that boiling killed micro-organisms since boiling was a common method of removing substances that would make one ill * However, in his experiment, micro-organisms go on to appear * Suggested that there was a life magnate that produced spontaneous generation 7.Lazzaro Sp totallyanzani (Italian priest) claimed that there were micro-organisms in the air that were responsible for the new harvest * Re-did Needhams experiment solely drew wrap up the air in the flask, nothing grew in the remaining neckcloth * Critics suggested that all Spallanzani had shown was that air was required for spontaneous generation to travel by * Spontaneous generation theory continued to be accepted 8. 859, French honorary society of Sciences announced a contest for the beat experiment to prove or confute spontaneous generation * Louis Pasteur use the live of Needham and Spallanzani with important change * Before boiling meat livestock in flask, Pasteur heat up the neck of the flask and bent it into an S shape * Air could reach the broth but micro-organisms and other particles would get caught in the S- bend * Nothing grew in this broth but if the flask were tipped so that the broth reached the S-bend in the neck, moulds would later appear 9.Pasteur controlled his experiment in that he used the said(prenominal) broth, same type of flasks and same light and temperature conditions * Controlled variables (conditions that are held constant end-to-end an experiment) broth type, flasks type, light, temperature * Manipulated ariable (condition deliberately changed in an experiment) access code of dust to the flask * Responding variable (condition that changes in response to the manipulated variable in an experiment) world power to grow mould in the broth * Had experimental control, a part of the experiment which the manipulated variable is not changed in any way from its normal condition * flaskful in which dust had normal access to the broth after boiling * reply moulds occurred * Experiment treatment Prevent the access of dust to the broth, resulting in evidence of no growth of mould * To allow access of dust to the broth very briefly, resulti ng in evidence of mould growth * watertight evidence that says that spontaneous generation doesnt occur, but also that micro-organisms are found in the air * His work opened new doors to microbiology, immunology, biochemistry and gave credibility and new importance to the processes of conducting controlled experiments, maintaining luxuriant records of observations, and connecting results to conclusionsThe Cell Theory 10. Importance of prison prison cell as the functional unit of life was recognized with the improvements in lens technology and increased number of observations made by scientists in several countries 11. 1833, Robert chocolate-brown set an important cell building, the nucleus, in resume of orchids * Saw an obscure granular mend within the cell * Others had seen it too but he was the first to recognize at this cell structure must stick out something for cell function 12. 1838, M. J.Schleiden observed that all jells were composed of cells and he proposed that the nucleus was the structure responsible for the development of the remainder of the cell * Discussed his work with a friend (Theodor Schwann), who was analyse puppet physiology * Schwann believed that there must be similarities btwn plant and animal tissue * When Schwann searched for opaque spots in animal tissue, he found structures that resembled the cells that botanists were coning in plant tissue and the nucleus structure that Brown and Schleiden had identified 13. 839, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory as a result of observations of plant and animal specimens through the microscopes * all in all plants and animals were composed of cells and that the cell was the basic unit of all organisms 14. 1859, cell theory was further extended by Rudolf Virchows statement that all cells arise only from pre-existing cells Cell Theory 15. all told living things are made up of one of more cells and the materials produced by these cells 16. All life functions take place in cells, making them the smallest unit of life 17.All cells are produced from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division 18. Applies to all living things unheeding of size, shape or number of cells mixed * Subcellular particles (viruses and prions) fall into category that is neither living nor non-living although they may exhibit certain characteristics of living cells 19. Evidence in support of cell theory came from Pasteurs experiment to investigate the construct of spontaneous generation in micro-organisms * Cell theory has become the cornerstone of the study of biology