Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Procedure - Essay Example l phase of the logical strategy includes perception and since interest prompts new information, the technique for perception, which is straightforward, is considered as the procedure that characterizes the inquiry (OConnor and Faille 6). Perceptions are aimed at wonders that can't be clarified by just depending on the current information. Consequently, the perception procedure investigates marvels that can be clarified by clarified by information that has just been gathered however can likewise be clarified in an unexpected way. What follows then is looking to clarify the specific wonder and the reasons affecting its event. The progression that follows involves investigating the current information on the inquiry that has been framed from the perception. For instance, if an individual saw that their vehicle isn't beginning, the inquiry will at that point be the reason that vehicle isn't beginning. The information that might be controlled by the individual concerning vehicles will be utilized in attempting to make sense of what might be the issue. The individual may likewise investigate the manual or on the web for data that might be identified with the issue. On the off chance that a researcher was in a circumstance, for example, this, the person in question would search for more data from logical diaries that have recently distributed exploration that has been directed by different researchers. Exploration on existing information is completed since the inquiry that looks to be addressed may have been harped on previously, or data that is related with it might help with thinking of a speculation. Building up a speculation is the following piece of the strategy of utilizing logical strategies in taking care of issues. A theory can be clarified as a likely clarification for the marvel that was seen during perception. It is generally in excess of a basic conjecture since it is established of a far reaching survey of the present information related with the subject. A decent speculation hypothesizes a reason impact association, for example, the motivation behind why the vehicle won't start is on the grounds that

Cosmetics and Revlon

Presentation of the Company Revlon Inc. is a main beautifying agents organization offering restorative, healthy skin, scent, and individual consideration items. Revlon was shaped in 1932, and began with selling just nail polishes. Through the span of the previous 75 years, Revlon has become a main brand in the corrective market, perceived both in the United States and around the world. Revlon claims well known brands, for example, Revlon, Charle, Mitchum, and Almay. Revlon has as of late been battling with obligation, posting misfortunes for as far back as eight years. Statement of purpose AnalysisRevlon’s vision is to fabulousness, energy, and advancement through quality items at reasonable costs. The key target of Revlon is to offer top notch excellence items while holding the expenses down for the customers. I trust Revlon has been maintaining that vision; anyway they could be tailing it too intently. Revlon’s ongoing misfortunes and issues with obligation could be a scribed to their vision. While the response to illuminate their issues is dubious it is clear another procedure is expected to help Revlon recoup. Outside Analysis External| | Opportunities| Weight| Rating| Score| 1. Men are utilizing beautifying agents more| 0. 6| 1| 0. 06| 2. Debilitating of the US dollar making outside business sectors more appealing| 0. 15| 2| 0. 3| 3. Developing pattern of utilizing individual consideration products| 0. 1| 3| 0. 3| 4. The expansion in the small scale children of post war America (youthful teens)| 0. 1| 2| 0. 2| 5. Child of post war America females entering retirement| 0. 12| 3| 0. 36| | Threats| | 6. Worry for item wellbeing growing| 0. 05| 2| 0. 1| 7. Worries about condition and creature testing growing| 0. 07| 2| 0. 14| 8. Expanded gas costs extraordinarily decrease expendable income| 0. 15| 1| 0. 15| 9. Common style trends| 0. 05| 2| 0. 1| 10. Serious competition| 0. 15| 2| 0. 3| 1| | 2. 01| 1. There is a developing pattern of men utilizing restorative items. Product offerings promoted explicitly for men will be important to benefit in this market section. Men will be hesitant to utilize items made for ladies, so discrete product offerings are fundamental. 2. Debilitating of the US dollar makes any US based item all the more engaging in the remote markets. Not exclusively will individuals with different monetary forms favor the cash preferred position of purchasing Revlon, are immense developing markets developing in Latin America, Asia, and India. 3. There has been a general development in the utilization of corrective and individual consideration items worldwide.As nations become progressively grown, more individuals are procuring pay to spend on these items. Particularly in the United States, appearance is firmly esteemed and beauty care products have a huge impact. 4. Likewise with the expanding pattern in makeup, there has been a critical increment in the smaller than normal person born after WW2 advertise. Youthf ul adolescents are utilizing restorative, individual consideration items more, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. This market of high school ladies is immense, particularly in the United States. 5. The first gathering of people born after WW2 are starting to arrive at the time of retirement. Most have arrived at their pinnacle acquiring potential and now have a lot of expendable income.With mature age comes the requirement for beautifying agents to assist individuals with keeping up an energetic look. Resigned ladies of the time of increased birth rates period are a critical market fragment for Revlon. 6. There have been developing worries for item security. Most beautifying agents are applied to the face, and a few if not appropriately tried can have unfriendly reactions. The populace is turning out to be more wellbeing mindful, and is continually taking a gander at the wellbeing impacts of ordinary items. Most organizations currently publicize the utilization of regular fixin gs to market to wellbeing cognizant shoppers. 7. There is additionally developing worry for the earth and the utilization of creature testing.Animal testing had consistently been an issue for the corrective business; anyway it is getting progressively unmistakable lately. Much more is the developing worry for the earth. Purchasers are searching for items that are not destructive to the earth and are eco agreeable from the assembling procedure right to bundling and removal. 8. Increment in gas costs has harmed numerous enterprises no matter how you look at it. Gas is something that most of buyers need to purchase, and they are compelled to address whatever cost is inquired. The more shoppers need to spend on gas the less to need to spend on things that are not viewed as a necessity.Costly beautifying agents are likely one of the primary things to be overlooked when spending should be reduced. 9. There is a pattern of utilizing normal items from food to beautifying agents. There is a pattern of going for a totally regular look inside and out, which means no beautifying agents at all. Indeed, even characteristic beautifiers debilitate the utilization of other comparable or valuable items that would typically be utilized. 10. Rivalry is savage in this industry. Promoting, value wars, and item separation among the restorative business make it an incredibly serious industry. Each organization has various brands that are perceived globally.Breaking shopper brand dedication can be a hard errand to achieve. Revlon has a score of 2. 01 which is normal. Revlon has been inadequate in taking preferences of the various open doors that it has. Inability to take advantage of these lucky breaks will permit contenders to move in and gain the high ground. Revlon should exploit the developing outside business sectors, particularly considering the debilitating US dollar. As far as dangers, Revlon has been aloof in reacting to are getting ready against them. Revlon needs to ensure it advertises its items in a manner that is fitting for the changing perspective on the consumer.Product quality is getting less significant, as picture is turning out to be everything. Completive Analysis Competitive Analysis: Porter’s Five-Forces Model | Potential advancement of substitute products| | I| | Bargaining Power of Suppliers| - | Rivalry Among Competing Firms| - | Bargaining intensity of consumers| | I| | Potential Entry of new competitors| | Rivalry Among Competing Firms Rivalry is high in the corrective business. A couple of colossal restorative creators command the market. They all need to manage the decrease in discretionary cashflow because of rising gas prices.Companies battle with showcasing and cost decrease. Shoppers have numerous approaches to buy these items. While a lot of beauty care products are sold in drugstores and huge retailers, for example, Wal-Mart there is as yet a noteworthy deals done way to entryway. Rivalry is getting so solid that there has been a transition to build entryway to-entryway deals to assist take with promoting share from contenders. Capability of New Entrants The corrective business is a 200 billion dollar industry. Rivalry is now high, and the business all in all has been confronted with challenges in these monetary times.So the danger of new contestants is improbable. In any case, new participants to the business could be fruitful on the off chance that they can make a quality item at reasonable costs. While there is a lot of brand steadfastness, a buyer would effectively change to an increasingly reasonable quality item. Potential Development of Substitute Products As referenced before contention is serious in this market. While brand dependability exists, cost is turning into a significant factor. Overall the market for beautifying agents is extremely powerful. While cost is significant, quality is similarly as critical if not increasingly huge for certain shoppers. Organizations re confronted wit h the troublesome errand of adjusting the two. Purchasers will probably change to a less expensive item with quality despite the fact that they may have loyalties to a specific brand. Bartering Power of Suppliers Bargaining intensity of providers is low to direct. Rising ware costs influence all ventures. The crude materials utilized in beautifiers are utilized for the most part by restorative and individual consideration organizations. The corrective organizations do have some influence, and these organizations can minimize expenses to offer lower costs to purchasers. Haggling Power of Consumers The bartering intensity of buyers in this market is moderately high.Products are effectively substitutable and cost is presumably the most critical factor. Clients have the entirety of the purchasing power, and frequently lean towards the less expensive items in these hard financial occasions. Since buyer dealing power is high, organizations in the corrective business are compelled to drive their costs down to remain serious. While there are portions of the market that will pay a premium for a quality item, are greater part of buyers will picked with their wallets. Nonexclusive Forces | Approach| Focus| Cost Minimization| Product Differentiation| Broad| X| | Narrow| | |Revlon offers different product offerings centered at various sections of the market. The organization was established on giving moderate beauty care products. While numerous corrective organizations endeavor to separate their items from rivals it is right around an outlandish errand. Restorative items are effectively substitutable so cost turns into the more huge factor. An expansive center cost minimization technique is the one I would suggest for Revlon, there are some potential dangers. With respect to any organization, presenting new product offerings can be an all in or all out. Revlon had as of late presented a product offering considered Vital Radiance that was pointed towards more established w omen.The new line was not fruitful and was in the end suspended, however not without taking misfortunes. I trust Revlon should keep on utilizing a similar methodology, they simply need to ensure enough research is done before acquainting new items with limit the odds of disappointment. Serious Profile Matrix Revlon Estee Lauder Avon Critical Success Factors| weight| Rating| Score| Rating| Score| Rating| Score| 1. Monetary Position| 0. 3| 2| 0. 6| 3| 0. 9| 4| 1. 2| 2. Brand Recognition| 0. 1| 4| 0. 4| 3| 0. 3| 0. 3| 3. Market Share| 0. 35| 3| 1. 05| 4| 1. 4| 1. 4| 4. Worldwide Expansion| 0. 15| 3| 0. 45| 3| 0. 5| 4| 0. 6| 5. Marketing| 0. 1| 4| 0. 4| 3| 0. 3| 0. 3| Total| 1| | 2. 9| | 3. 35| | 3. 8| Out of the three organizations, Revlon is in the most exceedingly awful position. While Revlon excels in promoting, the sum spent on publicizing

Crime and Punishment: Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov Essay -- conflict,

All through the novel of Crime and Punishment, and any work of fiction at that, the characters show explicit character characteristics that direct their make-ups, social cooperations and practices. These portrayals control the general improvement of the story. Characters’ characters assume an essential job in breaking down and understanding character improvement just as hidden subjects, particularly in the current novel. In particular, the focal character Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov delineates the contention among great and wickedness in one’s character. Raskolnikov’s character struggle is so extraordinary in duality that he can be recognized as both the hero and opponent of this story. Starting here comes the subject of to what degree does the character struggle of Raskolnikov direct his convictions, activities and hence add to in general plot improvement? Due to Raskolnikov’s conflicting nature, he shows extraordinary degrees of vanity and self-retention close by frenzy and anguish. These angles lead him to perpetrate intolerable criminal activities which genuinely and sincerely hurt others. At last, he submits the best harm to himself through a plummet into franticness which he repudiates. Raskolnikov’s character can be summarized by the significance of â€Å"Raskol† in Russian which means â€Å"split†. Raskolnikov embodies an individual showing direct opposite in the two his activities and musings. The creator Fyodor Dostoevsky additionally consolidates imagery of the number two all through the story to additionally mean this duality of character. Models incorporate Raskolnikov not eating for two days, two kids being spared from a consuming house, and two entryways and two yards at the place of the pawnbroker Alyona Ivanovna, wh... ...ntually express regret for his wrongdoing. Raskolnikov's double character additionally is the essential power which drives the plot of this novel. The activity and occasions happen because of the character’s character driver. At the point when the focal point of his inside character is egocentric, the outside activity mirrors this perspective. His interior assessment of awareness drives the plot to moving toward that path. The plot of Crime and Punishment is by all accounts an outer mirror which mirrors the nonstop inward clash of Raskolnikov's double character. Works Cited Rodion Romanovitch Raskolnikov. Shmoop. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. . Swinson, Stephanie. Intentions in Murder in Crime and Punishment. Watermarks 2002. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. .

Cloud Computing Opportunities and Strategyâ€MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Cloud Computing for Opportunities and Strategy. Answer: Presentation Distributed computing is something that each organization is attempting to get their hands on and furthermore attempting to actualize it on their framework with the goal that they can work all the more effectively and this will help in carrying out their responsibility all the more without any problem. Distributed computing likewise helps in introducing their information in a progressively exceptional and legitimate manner. This encourages their representatives to work considerably quicker and with this, they can spare their information and can likewise get to their information from any piece of the world. Sharing of data is likewise very simple as the contrary party simply needs to download the records (Almorsy, Grundy Mller 2016). The accompanying article talks about the utilization of distributed computing and how SoftArc is executing it in their own organization and it features the focuses that the organization needs to consider before actualizing it. Getting to the documents is conceivable from anyplace and whenever. Mix with past arrangements should exist. Significant advantages and issues in regards to utilizing office computerization This element is a lot of required for the structural specialists likewise with this element empowered they can get their data with no postponements from the records that they previously transferred or made. After production of their arrangement, they should simply to transfer the document and they can impart this record to anybody over the world and the greatest simplicity of having this is they don't need to convey every one of these documents with them unsurpassed (Almorsy, Grundy Mller 2016). With this, data can be shared additionally promptly. Another component is that it ought to be all around incorporated with all the past arrangements so the designers can get return to their past arrangements. Regardless of whether they have to roll out certain improvements to their answers and survey it back, it ought to be accessible to the specialists. In the event that it isn't incorporated, at that point the architects need to make the entire arrangement or arrangement from the scratch which take a mess of time and this will put a money related weight over the organization as well (Hashizume et al. 2013). Office Automation is a lot of proper for the structural specialists as this is completely cloud based which encourages them to spare their documents over the cloud and they can get to it from anyplace. It ought to have the option to give full security to the clients with the goal that the document doesn't get taken and furthermore clients ought to have the option to effortlessly get to these records. Various kinds of Service Providers Cloud Hosting Servers are the servers which are essentially given by the specialist co-ops and it is for the most part worked from other foundation which is constrained by an outsider. In this, they are mindful to make any kind of changes or cause an update to the framework so the clients to can utilize them effortlessly though in Locally Hosted Servers, it is a set up that is made by the organization itself inside their reason (Hashizume et al. 2013). For this to make occur, the organization need to introduce everything that is required for the cloud arrangement and if any future update comes, they have to introduce it from the earliest starting point. There are sure advantages and favorable position of utilizing Locally Hosted Servers and Cloud Based Servers which are: Security turns into the greatest worries for any association as their primary objective is to defend their organization data from the intrusive eyes. For this, privately facilitated servers are viewed as the best similarly as with this the organization can deal with their information and the information stays inside the framework just and the organization can likewise even screen who is investigating their information and who is attempting to get to those information. This is beyond the realm of imagination with the cloud based servers as in this, all the information is in a dispersed structure and the information is out in the open so it very well may be seen by anybody (Hashizume et al. 2013). With this, the organization has no power over their information. The second thing that any organization sees is the Accessibility and for this, cloud based servers are viewed as the best as they are a lot of unrivaled and they help in upgrading the information and it likewise helps in enormously improving the capacity with the goal that clients can connect with their information (Othman, Madani Khan 2014). It is likewise very helpful when there is a need to look for a specific information and this component is beyond the realm of imagination with the servers which are introduced locally inside the association. Cost is the third factor that an organization needs to consider while picking the cloud innovation and for this Cloud based Servers are the best as it is now introduced so there is no additional expense for establishment and if there should be an occurrence of privately facilitated server, the organization needs to set up the entire framework inside their association and it requires upkeep likewise time to time which isn't the situation for cloud based servers (Sanaei et al. 2014). Another issue is that on the off chance that there is any update, at that point the organization need not to stress over introducing it as it is absolutely over the specialist co-ops to introduce the updates however in the event of privately facilitated servers, the organization needs to introduce the updates from their own and by doing so they have to refresh the entire framework from the earliest starting point and by doing as such there may be a few information misfortune (Wei et al. 2014). Factors should be taken consideration by SoftArc There are different components that SoftArc needs to consider while moving to cloud specialist organizations with the assistance of IaaS. Area is the primary thing that the organization needs to consider as it is significant for the organization to manage consumer loyalty so they ought to pick a specialist co-op whose server farm is near clients so they can lessen the inactivity and they can manage their clients all the more proficiently and become more acquainted with additional from them (Sadiku, Musa Momoh 2014). Programming interface is the second thing that the organization needs to check with their specialist co-ops and they ought to select the specialist organizations which is having solid API on the grounds that having solid API will assist the organization with controlling each part of the cloud and furthermore having solid API will let the organization to regard the entire framework as a code (Sanaei et al. 2014). Auto-Scaling is the following thing that the organization ought to organize while picking their specialist co-ops as this will assist them with having less deviation with regards to traffic and this likewise helps in keeping up the heap balance. It additionally helps in breaking down and checking the in general of the organization by keeping a nearby watch on any approaching traffic. The exact opposite thing that the organization needs to consider is the Architecture as the organization should be in steady correspondence with various servers and every one of these interchanges ought to be kept up well secure (Sadiku, Musa Momoh 2014). Fundamental distinction between IaaS, SaaS and PaaS Stage as a Service (PaaS) is considered the most minimal of each of the three realized cloud administrations and it is fundamentally utilized for programming improvement and organization. It is commonly a server side application and aides in giving a workplace where all the product related things, for example, establishment, overseeing and up-degree of the product happens (Hashem et al. 2015). It is additionally valuable with regards to decreasing the expense of the authorizing programming. It additionally helps in virtualization which gives an away from about the turn of events and organization of the product (Sadiku, Musa Momoh 2014). Programming as a Service (SaaS) fundamentally works over the old customer model of programming where the internet browsers are given the entrance to communicate with the servers. It is the most widely recognized type of administration that is at present accessible for the clients by the specialist organizations. While utilizing SaaS, outsiders are given the duty with the improvement of the product (Di Spaltro, Polvi Welliver 2016). The principle bit of leeway of utilizing SaaS is that it helps in lessening the expense for the improvement of the product that incorporates establishment, overseeing and overhauling the product and furthermore it helps in decreasing the expense for authorizing the product (Arora, Parashar Transforming 2013). Framework as a Service (IaaS) is considered to the highest point of the administration that is right now accessible. It basically involves robotized and adaptable assets which comes in worked with the distributed storage and system office and is promptly accessible to the clients on request. The primary favorable position of utilizing IaaS is that with this, customers can legitimately get to these servers and capacity. It additionally helps in virtualization by making a Virtual Data Center. IaaS is additionally adaptable in nature and it likewise helps in organization of robotized servers, handling force, stockpiling and furthermore assists with systems administration (Arora, Parashar Transforming 2013). It likewise helps in web scale organizations and furthermore assists with SaaS and PaaS. SharePoint utilizing Cloud Services SaaS and PaaS are viewed as the suitable cloud administrations with regards to SharePoint as it an online application so with the assistance of SaaS, it can offer access to the internet browsers which will assist them with running it on the servers. It additionally helps in programming advancement and organization and furthermore helps in diminishing the expense while playing out those activities. PaaS helps in creating applications on the SharePoint (Bahrami Singhal 2015). Being a web administration makes the experience considerably increasingly lovely. There are different issues while actualizing these administrations. The first is that the client needs a web association constantly while working with these administrations as there is no alternative for disconnected working. Prior to picking any specialist co-op, they should ensure that the specialist organization is giving fast web availability. The second large issue is of information risk as on utilizing cloud based servers, the information is out in the open and anybody can see this data. So to maintain a strategic distance from this issue, the specialist organizations should attempt to encode these information constantly (Garg, Versteeg Buyya 2013). Utilizing cloud based servers additionally removes the control from the organization to screen their information so before picking any cloud based servers, they ought to do a profound re

Tips For Reading When Youre Laid Up

Tips For Reading When Youre Laid Up In her essay On Being Ill, Virginia Woolf writes about the ways   illness changes a persons perspective, and occasionally improves it. we cease to be soldiers in the army of the upright; we become deserters. They march to battle. We float with the sticks on the stream; helter skelter with the dead leaves on the lawn, irresponsible and disinterested and able, perhaps for the first time for years, to look round, to look upâ€"to look, for example, at the sky. Illness, or recovery from it, can do the same for a persons reading habits. If youre ill, you might read more or less. You might not want to be able to read the genres you normally read. You might be a normally-prolific reader who is unable to read at all. And all of that is fine. A few weeks ago, I went into the hospital for surgery. My recovery has been longer than I expected, and Ive found myself in bed, unable to do much of anything, for long periods of time. Im normally the sort of person who cant sit still, so being stuck in bed has changed my perspective quite a bit, and it has changed my reading habits. I read more, listen to audiobooks less, and there are certain stories I just cant read. If youre bedridden â€" if youre going into a hospital for surgery, or if youre sick with something thats keeping you in bed for a long time â€" here are five tips for managing your reading (and your expectations about your reading) that I wish someone had shared with me. 1.) It helps to be prepared. While you might not be able to prep for an illness, there are some things you can do if you suspect youre going to be sick for a while. Pile your books at the side of your bed, away from wherever your food, drink and meds are going to be. Have a few books there, because you never know what youre going to want to read, and make sure you have enough bookmarks as well. This goes for the hospital, too. Even if youre dont think youre going to be staying overnight, pack a little reading care package for yourself. Bring your books, or charge your device and bring it with you. Because nothing sucks harder than lying in a dark room all night with no reading material, and while the nurses station stocks those awesome slipper socks, as far as I know, they dont keep a pile of bookmarks. (Pro tip: if youre bringing a book to the hospital and you have a booklight, bring it. Turning on those hospital room lights is an epic quest when youre hooked up to an IV, and also, you dont want to irritate your roommate.) 2.) Accept it when you cant read. Some of us (myself included) get competitive about reading. Oh, Im going to be lying down for a week? Great. Ill read my whole TBR shelf. Yeah, no. My first night in the hospital, I tried to read The Martian. I got as far as the first line (Which is, upliftingly, Im pretty much fucked.) before I fell asleep. Sometimes you just cant read. Sometimes reading is a lot of effort, and all you can do is stare at the TV or the wall, and thats okay. Flowers are lovely but my husband knows what get well gift I really want. #books A post shared by A.J. OConnell (@annjoc) on Mar 24, 2016 at 12:19pm PDT 3.) Accept that your reading habits will change. You might be in pain. You might be on drugs. Youre not moving around.   Your ability to read print might be compromised and you might listen to audiobooks. Or, you might be one of those people who listens to audiobooks during activities, and while youre laid up you might abandon Audible in favor of print. 4.) You might change what youre reading. I decided my recovery would be the perfect time to finally read World War Z. You know what? It turns out that reading about a zombie virus while bedridden wasnt my best idea ever. I ended up propped up in bed, with all the curtains open, so I could monitor all approaches to our home. Whoops. Sometimes illness makes certain genres or topics less appealing. For example you might be under enough stress already, and not want to read a nail-biter of a thriller. You might want to read escapist novels. You might want to read more about illness, or avoid reading about it altogether. (Woolf, who liked poetry when she was sick, has a quote about that too: Illness makes us disinclined for the long campaigns that prose exacts.) 5.) Your health comes before your TBR pile. You do not have to read non-stop simply because youre lying in bed. You dont have to stay up all night to finish that book when youre recovering. Please dont judge yourself for choosing TV instead of a book when youre sick. Your health is your priority, and if reading more is a byproduct of that, excellent.

Irony in Crime and Punishment - Literature Essay Samples

The primary conflict in Crime and Punishment is the internal development of Raskolnikovs character. In Raskolnikovs mind are two contrasting personalities, each demanding control over him. One side, brought out by poverty and egoism, is the murderer who kills the pawnbroker. The other side, inspired by the love of others and his inner goodness, is his benevolent conscience which desires to help those around him. The conflict rages on throughout the whole novel, and in the end Raskolnikovs good side wins over as he accepts his guilt, admits to his wrongness, and turns his life over to Sonia and God. In Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky attempts to portray the complexity of Raskolnikovs mental evolution. A primary vehicle for this task is his use of the literary device irony. Irony is the contrast between what is said and what is meant, or what happens and what is expected to happen. In verbal irony, characters say the opposite of what they mean. In situational irony, the unexpected hap pens. Crime and Punishment is abundant with both verbal and situational irony, as it instigates the critical turning points of Raskolnikovs development, and thus allow Dostoevsky to convey his message that even a murderer can be reformed and purified through guilt and the unconditional love of others. Irony is first used in the ramblings of Marmeladov. Marmeledov says, Crucify me oh judgeHe is the OneHe will forgive my Sonia. This statement is ironic, because Marmeladov, despite being a drunk, introduces a primary Christian message of the novel. He also explains the irony of his daughter Sonia. Although she is a prostitute, something considered rather base, she will be forgiven by God for she is a very holy person and the epitome of innocence and purity in the novel. These two concepts are vital to the transformation of Raskolnikov later in the novel. They also convey Dostoevskys strong belief in Christianity, and they reveal his value system towards certain humans. Situational iro ny first becomes a key device in Raskolnikovs plot to murder the pawnbroker. Raskolnikov vacillates over his decision. One minute he tells himself, I would like to attempt a thing like that. After saying this, he turns around and says, I knew I could never bring myself to it. Raskolnikov is clearly wavering between whether or not to commit the murder. However, his indecisiveness is eliminated by the occurrence of two ironic events. First, immediately after his dream when he states, My God! I couldnt bring myself to do itI couldnt do itI couldnt do it! he overhears Lizaveta saying, At seven oclock tomorrowIll come (to the apartment) This ironic twist of fate makes the murder of the pawnbroker the next day ideal, as her sister Lizaveta would be away at seven o clock, and the old lady would be left alone. Raskolnikov decides this is a golden opportunity, revealing a substantial change of attitude in Raskolnikov, beginning the development of his dark character. Next, Raskolnikov overhea rs a man at the bar say, I could kill that damned old woman and make off with her money, I assure you, without the faintest conscience-prick. This ironic statement startles Raskolnikov, as he had the very same idea. It provides another justification for the murder, as Raskolnikov believes the crime will benefit others. This ironic event is key to Raskolnikovs development as it has an immense influence on him in his later action. These ironic events allow Raskolnikov to commit the murder of the pawnbroker and begin his lengthy journey of conversion. Irony is apparent in the early stages of Raskolnikovs guilt. First, situational irony occurs when Raskolnikov is in the pawnbrokers apartment, and he hears someone knock on the door and say, Are they asleep or are they murdered? This arouses panic in Raskolnikov and instigates his guilt. A similar instance occurs when Raskolnikov receives a summons to the police office. Immediately Raskolnikov panics and suffers from extreme guilt. He do es not suffer remorse because he believes his murder was wrong, but because he did not commit it perfectly. The summons is ironic because it is not for the murder but because Raskolnikov is a fine bird who did not pay debts. When Raskolnikov discovers this, he is overcome with relief and reassurance that his murder was justified. This ironic event reveals the extreme mental disorder of Raskolnikov. More importantly, the guilt Raskolnikov suffers is suffered by his egotistical, cold side, and the guilt is eliminated when he realizes he is not caught. This form of guilt reoccurs throughout the book until the very end, supporting Dostoevskys message that guilt is not constructive until the benevolent side feels it for being wrong. Dostoevsky uses the ironic discussion between Raskolnikov and Zametov to reveal Raskolnikovs duality and also the mental illness brought about by crime. In the bar, after asking Zametov insane questions regarding the murder, Raskolnikov asks him, And what if it was I who murdered the old woman? This is ironic because Zametov has no clue that Raskolnikov committed the murder, and now Raskolnikov risks being caught to release his information. Dostoevsky uses this irony to show that guilt is causing great pain in Raskolnikov, creating the need to confess in him. This also strengthens the battle of duality within Raskolnikov and creates huge suspense for the end of the novel. Another important ironic event is Nikolays confession of the murder. Porifry is battling Raskolnikov and has him on the verge of confessing when Nikolay bursts in the room and shouts, I am guilty I am the murderer! Dostoevsky thus creates suspense and allows Raskolnikov time to prepare for his confession by talking with Dounia and Sonia. Otherwise, Raskolnikov would have confessed and would never have been reformed. Also, Raskolnikov shows no guilt for Nikolays confession, further revealing the domination of the evil side of Raskolnikov. Irony is present in the conv ersation between Sonia and Raskolnikov in Part Four, Chapter Four. In this scene Raskolnikov verbally attacks Sonia for her religious beliefs, calling her crazy, suggesting suicide, and stating, But perhaps there is no God at all. This example of verbal irony shows that Raskolnikov is deeply troubled, as earlier he decided against suicide, and he is usually characterized as crazy. However, he is intrigued at her strong believes and begins to ask her about the killing of the pawnbroker and Lizaveta. He explains to her that he has broken with (his family) completely. This dramatic irony confuses Sonia, for she is unaware that Raskolnikov is the killer. However, it is used by Dostoevsky to allow Raskolnikov to realize that Sonia is a forgiving person and develop and interest in Sonias religion. This leads to Raskolnikovs confession and also to his conversion to Christianity. Next, Dostoevsky uses irony in Svidriagaiolovs description of his love for Dounia to reveal his message that co mpanionship is an important aspect of life. Svidrigailov explains his love for Dounia, and ironically his description parallels Raskolnikovs relationship with Sonia. The difference between Svidriagailovs relationship with Dounia and Raskolnikovs relationship with Sonia is that Dounia is repulsed by Svidrigailov. As a result, Svidriagailov commits suicide, dying abandoned and alone, while Raskolnikov lives. If Dounia loved Svidriagailov, he would not have committed suicide. Likewise, if Sonia abandoned Raskolnikov, he would have killed himself. This contrast in resolutions show that companionship can be a deciding factor in ones life, and that the love of others is vital. Irony plays a tremendous role in the resolution of Raskolnikovs confession. As he walks to the police department to confess, he hears that Svidrigailov has shot himself. Svidrigailov was the only person who knew of Raskolnikovs crime, so now Raskolnikov could walk away and be home free. His dark side forces him to t urn away from the police department, only to see Sonia standing at the door. Raskolnikov then turns around and confesses, showing the dominance of his kind, warm side which needs Sonias love. However, the conflict between Raskolnikovs duality is not over, as he confesses only for Sonia, and not because he believes what he did was wrong. Despite this, the confession is a huge step towards Raskolnikovs conversion. Raskolnikov is then sentenced for only seven years, due to an ironic conviction based on his abnormal mental condition, and his term in Siberia, where the most critical turning point of the novel occurs. Raskolnikov is bitter in jail, tortured by the others for his disbelief in God, and rude to Sounia when she would visit. Ironically, Raskolnikovs attitude shifts when he dreams of a world that was condemned to a terrible new strange plague, caused by everyone believing his theory was right. This idea represented Raskolnikovs believing his theory was right, and it awakened h im to the wrongness of it. Finally, the caring, good side of Raskolnikov defeats his evil side, as he turns to a life of Christianity with Sonia. Dostoevsky also uses this ironic dream to criticize abstract theories and their devastating affects. Crime and Punishment is the story of the battle between Raskolnikovs intellectual arrogance and his conscience. He constantly attempts to run from his conscience but he cant escape it. Ironic events force Raskolnikov to face the conflict and ultimately decide his destiny. Dostoevsky uses this device to explain the complex conflict raging within Raskolnikov, and in turn to reveal his message about mankind: that anyone through the acceptance of guilt and suffering can be reformed. Although Raskolnikov commits murder, through his guilt and the love of others towards him, he is saved.

Essay on Use of the Bird Motif in Invisible Man - 2374 Words

Use of the Bird Motif in Invisible Man Abstract: According to A Handbook to Literature, motif refers to a recurrent repetition of some word, phrase, situation, or idea, such as tends to unify a work through its power to recall earlier occurrences (264). One such type of motif which has seemed to receive less critical attention is Ellisons treatment of birds. Hence, my aim in this essay is to examine the references to birds in Invisible Man, attempting to show how Ellison uses the image of the bird to symbolize various forms of entrapment. In a 1965 interview, when asked his view on the role of the novelist, Ralph Ellison stated the following: I think that the good novelist tries to provide his reader†¦show more content†¦After the debut of Invisible Man in 1952, one reviewer wrote: This is an angry book filled with symbolism which confuses as well as expands its meaning beyond its apparent depth (Byam 284). According to A Handbook to Literature, motif refers to a recurrent repetition of some word, phrase, situation, or idea, such as tends to unify a work through its power to recall earlier occurrences (264). One such type of motif which has seemed to receive less critical attention is Ellisons treatment of birds. Hence, my aim in this essay is to examine the references to birds in Invisible Man, attempting to show how Ellison uses the image of the bird to symbolize various forms of entrapment. In Chapter 1 of Invisible Man, Ellisons unnamed protagonist relates the Battle Royal scene. The narrator describes the white female dancer, saying She seemed like a fair bird-girl girdled in veils calling to me from the angry surface of some gray and threatening sea (Ellison 19). With this metaphor Ellison suggests the lure that the white female represents to the young black boy. In Chapter 2, Ellison builds on the ornithological leitmotif, as the narrator contrasts the rather pastoral college campus How the grass turned green in the springtime and how mocking birds fluttered their tails and sang (34), with the nearby road to the insane asylum, which asShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis: Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesEllison’s Invisible Man, we are presented with an unnamed narrator whose values and potentials are invisible to the world around him. Throughout the entirety of the novel, we see the unnamed narrator, also known as the Invisible Man, struggle in an attempt to uncover his identity buried beneath African American oppression and an aggregation of deception. Ellison shows us how lies and deceit may serve as a grave but invaluable obstacle to one’s journey to find their identity. Through the use of imageryRead MoreEarly Expression Of Religious Art1597 Words   |  7 Pageswhen a danger was threatening th e very existence of the whole tribe. God created their world, visible and invisible. The invisible world is inhabited by all sorts beings: spirits, (gentle or evil), ancestors who passed to the invisible world after their death. The beings in the invisible world could be called upon for assistance. The ordinary life of the visible world was entrusted to the invisible world beings by God. Therefore Africans would invoke them, pray to them, offer sacrifices to them. CarvedRead MoreInvisible, Invisible Man, By Ralph Ellison1994 Words   |  8 PagesInvisible Race and Gender in Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the unnamed narrator shows us through the use motifs and symbols how racism and sexism negatively affect the social class and individual identity of the oppressed people. Throughout the novel, the African American narrator tells us the story of his journey to find success in life which is sabotaged by the white-dominated society in which he lives in. Along his journey, we are also shown how the patriarchyRead More Invisible Race and Gender in Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison2385 Words   |  10 PagesIn Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the unnamed narrator shows us through the use motifs and symbols how racism and sexism negatively affect the social class and individual identity of the oppressed people. Throughout the novel, the African American narrator tells us the story of his journey to find success in life which is sabotaged by the white-dominated society in which he lives in. Along his journey, we are also shown how the patriarchy oppresses all of the women in the novel through the narrator’sRead MoreAchebes Portrayal of Women in Igbo Society2679 Words   |  11 Pagesoppressed group with no power. Women of the Igbo tribe were terribly mistreated, and had no respect outside their role as being a mother or a wife. In the novel, the author analyzes the destruction of African culture by the appearance of the white man in terms of the destruction of the bonds between individuals and their society(Chun, par1). I noticed that in the story the author explains the role of women in pre-colonial Africa, by telling stories of how women handle their business in Igbo societyRead MoreThe Wild Swans at Coole by W.B Yeats3540 Words   |  15 Pagessymbolic of the transitory nature of a love affair, again another aspect of Yeats’ life to be saddened about when reminiscing- his several proposals and at that several rejects by his one true love Maud Gonne. These attitudes are enhanced by Yeats’ use of techniques throughout the poem. In the opening stanza Yeats depicts the setting. Personification of ‘trees’ as they are ‘in their autumn beauty’ creates an immediate image of reality and serenity whilst the descriptive ‘beauty’ creates an idyllicRead MoreMorgan Le Fay5287 Words   |  22 PagesMacha, and Nemain. Scottish Tales The treacherous whirlpool in the Inner Hebrides, commonly known as the Corryveckan, is also known as â€Å"Morrigan’s Cauldron†. Manx Tale In Manx, there is a legend of a mermaid who lived in a creek on the Isle of Man. A young boatman fell in love with her and brought her an offering of apples, even planting an apple tree near the shore for her. It is said that he eventually left, and she wandered the shores looking form him in vain. Apples and Mermaids are bothRead MoreA Dialogue of Self and Soul11424 Words   |  46 Pagesto be able to leave the house, the narrator continues: ‘dreadful to me was the coming home in the raw twilight . . . humbled by the consciousness of my physical inferiority’ (ch. 1).1 As many critics have commented, Charlotte Brontà « consistently uses the opposed properties of ï ¬ re and ice to characterize Jane’s experiences, and her technique is immediately evident in these opening passages.2 For while the world outside Gateshead is almost unbearably wintry, the world within is claustrophobic,Read MoreRomanticism and Modernism as Strange Bedfellows: A Fresh Look at Jack Kerouacs On the Road12240 Words   |  49 Pagesbrothels of drunken prostitutes, and crippling marijuana hallucinations. These three thematic subjects of the novel—Dean, the west, and Mexico will comprise the basis of this argument. They were chosen for their sense of duality in analyzing the use of romanticism and modernism in the novel, and the basic significance each one contributes to novel’s composition as well as its portrayal of a search for meaning and a sense of identity. The three will illustrate how the novel’s romantic/modernisticRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesresolved is one within the protagonist’s psyche or personality. External conflict may reflect a basic opposition between man and nature (such as in Jack London’s famous short story â€Å"To Build a Fire† or Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea†) or between man and society (as in Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man†). It may also take the form of an opposition between man and man (between th e protagonist and a human adversary, the antagonist), as, for example, in most detective fiction. Internal

The Role of Fate in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet

Theres no real consensus among Shakespearean scholars about the role of fate in Romeo and Juliet. Were the star-crossd lovers doomed from the start, their sad futures determined before they even met? Or are the events of this famed play a matter of bad luck and missed chances? Lets take a look at the role of fate and destiny in the story of the two teenagers from Verona whose feuding families cant keep them apart.  Ã‚   The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliets story begins in the streets of Verona. Members of two feuding families, the Montagues and Capulets, are in the midst of a brawl. When the fight is over, two young men of the Montague family (Romeo and Benvolio) agree to secretly attend a Capulet ball. Meanwhile, young Juliet of the Capulet family is also planning to attend the same ball. Romeo and Juliet meet at the ball and instantly fall in love. Each is horrified to learn that their love is forbidden, but they nevertheless secretly marry. A few days later, in another street brawl, a Capulet kills Romeos dear friend Mercutio, and Romeo, enraged, in turn, kills the Capulet. Romeo flees and is banned from Verona. Meanwhile, however, friends help him and Juliet to spend their wedding night together. After Romeo leaves the next morning, Juliet is counseled to drink a potion that will make her appear to be dead. After she is laid to rest, Romeo will rescue her from the crypt and they will live together in another city. Juliet drinks the potion, but because Romeo doesnt learn of the plot, he believes she is really dead. Seeing her dead, he kills himself. Juliet wakes, sees Romeo dead, and kills herself. The Theme of Fate in Romeo and Juliet The story of Romeo and Juliet asks the question are our lives and destinies preordained? While it is possible to see the play as a series of coincidences, bad luck, and bad decisions, most scholars see the story as an unfolding of events predetermined by fate.   In the opening lines of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare allow the audience to be party to his characters’ destiny. We learn early on what is going to happen to the title characters: â€Å"a pair of star-crossd lovers take their life.† Throughout the story, the words of the play encourage the audience to think about fate and to what extent our actions and outcomes are preordained.Before the Capulets party, in Act 1, Scene 3, Romeo is already feeling that fate is planning his doom. He wonders if he should attend the party, as my mind misgives/Some consequence yet hanging in the stars.  Ã‚  When Mercutio shouts â€Å"a plague on both your houses† in Act 3, Scene 1, hes foreshadowing whats to come for the title couple. This bloody scene in which characters are killed gives us a glimpse of whats to come, marking the beginning of Romeo and Juliet’s tragic downfall.Later, when Mercutio dies, Romeo himself foreshadows the outcome: This days black fate on more days doth depend/This but begins the woe, others must end. The others upon whom fate later falls, of course, are Romeo and Juliet.In Act 5, when he hears of Juliets death, Romeo swears he will defy fate: Is it even so? Then I defy you, stars! Later, in Juliets tomb, as he plans his own death, Romeo says: O, here/Will I set up my everlasting rest,/And shake the yoke of inauspicious stars/From this world-wearied flesh. This brave defiance of fate is especially heartbreaking because Romeos suicide is the event that actually leads to Juliets death. The idea of fate permeates many of the events and speeches in the play. Romeo and Juliet see omens throughout the play, continually reminding the audience that the outcome will not be a happy one. Their deaths are a catalyst for change in Verona: The dueling families are united in their grief and create a political shift in the city. Perhaps Romeo and Juliet were  fated to love  and die for the greater good of Verona. Were Romeo and Juliet Victims of Circumstance? A modern reader, examining the play through the lens of happenstance and coincidence, may feel that Romeo and Juliets fates were not wholly predetermined, but rather a series of unfortunate and unlucky events. Here are just a few of the coincidental or unlucky events that force the story into its apparently preordained track: Romeo and Benvolio happen to meet and talk about love on the very day of the Capulets ball. Had they had the conversation the following day, Romeo would not have met Juliet.Friar Lawrences messenger to Romeo, who would have explained the plan by which Juliet was to pretend death, is detained. As a result, Romeo doesnt get the message.Juliet wakes just moments after Romeos suicide. Had Romeo arrived just a few moments later, all would have been well. It is certainly possible to describe the events of Romeo and Juliet as a series of unfortunate events and coincidences, but that was almost certainly not Shakespeares intent. By understanding the theme of fate and exploring the question of free will, modern readers still find the play challenging and intriguing.

J.R.R. Tolkien Biography Essay examples - 1521 Words

J.R.R. Tolkien was born in South Africa, although he considered himself a British man throughout his adulthood. He experienced World War I firsthand in the trenches. He was a professor of Old English and other archaic languages and had a strong love for such languages. Tolkien also felt a strong tie for his homeland, England, and desired to create mythology for England. Tolkien was able to write the first modern fantasy novel through his life experiences and his love for archaic languages and British lore. Tolkiens mother, Mabel Suffield, left England in March of 1891 for South Africa to marry a man by the name of Arthur Tolkien. They had been engaged for years; however Mabels father had denied Mabel her marriage due to her†¦show more content†¦As an avid reader, Tolkien was influenced by some of the great writers of his day including G.K. Chesterton and H.G. Wells (Rayment). Mabel decided to join the Roman Catholic Church, splitting herself and the children from both sides of the family. In 1904, Mabel Tolkien was diagnosed as having diabetes. She passed away in November of that year leaving the two orphaned boys destitute. The familys priest, Father Francis took over, and took care of the children. Already, Tolkien displayed a remarkable skill for language. He proficiently learned Latin and Greek and was quickly became competent in a number of other languages, including Gothic and Finnish. He was already busy making up his own languages solely for entertainment (Doughan). At his boarding house, Tolkien fell in love with a young woman named Edith Bratt. Tolkien and Edith were caught in affectionate circumstances and so their relationship was frowned upon. Edith began to distract Tolkiens studies, and so Father Morgan split the young couple. At first try, Tolkien failed to enter college. Tolkien temporarily ended his affection and worked fruitfully and was awarded a scholarship to Oxford (Rayment). While attending Oxford, Tolkien found Edit h Bratt and proposed. Edith accepted the proposal and the couple married in 1906. World War I arrived in 1914. Tolkien saw many of his comrades pass away, and he himself would serve as an officerShow MoreRelatedEssay about J.R.R Tolkien and The Fellowship of the Ring997 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Ronald Reuel Tolkien, better known as J.R.R. Tolkien, was born on January third 1892 in Bloemfontein South Africa and was the son of Arthur and Mabel Suffield Tolkien. After his fathers death in 1896 Tolkiens mother moved herself and her two children, J.R.R (at the time called Ronald) and his younger brother Hilary to Sarehole near Birmingham. When Tolkien was twelve his mother died and he and his brother were sent to live with one of their relatives when a Catholic priest became their legalRead MoreThe Story of J.J.R Tolkien700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Story of J.J.R Tolkien Have you ever wondered about all of the great authors of the world? Many great authors lived long before our times due to the huge amount of writing done in earlier years. Many did not even get recognition of their work for many years after their death but there are always acceptions. Some received credit where it was due and some became more popular than deserved and some were caught in the middle. J.J.R Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa on January 3, 1892Read MoreThe Myth about Tolkien Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagesin the logic that race determines behavior.† (Ibata 2). Many people have tried to perpetuate the myth that J.R.R. Tolkien was racist. They cite various scenes in The Lord of the Rings, in both the books and in the movies. These people are lying or ignorant. J.R.R. Tolkien was not a racist, nor did he ever intend for his novels to be viewed as such. There is plenty of evidence to defend Tolkien from these claims such as: the themes of his novels, like The Lord of the Rings; the clear messages in hisRead MoreEssay about Timeline of Tolkiens Life1274 Words   |  6 Pageswas also known as ‘the war to end all wars.’ Tolkien met Edith Bratt as a teenager when they (both orphans) had lived at Mrs. Faulkner’s boarding house. At the time, Edith was 19 and Tolkien, or Ronald (as his friends called him), was 16. Edith and Ronald were inseparable, but she distracted him from his studies. When Father Francis, Ronald’s guardian, discovered their relationship, he forbade Ronald from seeing Edith until he was 21 and moved Tolkien and his younger brother to different lodgingRead More J.R.R. Tolkien Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesJ.R.R. Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973) gained a reputation during the 1960’s and 1970’s as a cult figure among youths disillusioned with war and the technological age. His continuing popularity evidences his ability to evoke the oppressive realities of modern life while drawing audiences into a fantasy world. John Ronald Reuel was born on the third of January, 1892, at Bloemfontein, South Africa, where his father, Arthur, had taken a position with the Bank of Africa. In 1895 Tolkien’sRead MoreOn Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings1250 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Final Paper- Evaluation Argument A Paper on the Complete Awesomeness of The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien A good book according to Jim Menick, a writer for Reader Digest, must have believable and lovable characters, narrative drive, and stories that are entertaining rather than disturbing (Menick). A story’s characters must have depth, and feel real to the reader. If a character seems false, the whole book will. A book has to have a captivating storyline or readers will lose interestRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lord Of The Rings 1934 Words   |  8 PagesDanielle McDermott Dr. Oldakowski College Writing Research Paper 12/3/14 J.R.R Tolkien and WWI Influence in The Lord of the Rings War has affected the lives of people since the beginning of civilization. Even General Sherman, famous for his March to the Sea in America s Civil War, was known for his saying, War is Hell. That idea would only prove to be all too true for the soldiers of World War I. J.R.R Tolkien was among the young men that struggled for survival in the damp and deplorable trenchesRead MoreBilbo Baggins: A True Hero?1410 Words   |  6 Pagesand wealth? In the world of Middle Earth that J.R.R Tolkien has created, Bilbo Baggins shows us that a hero can be quite the opposite. He is offered (and partially set up by Gandalf the wizard) to partake in an adventure as a burglar to help reclaim the bearded Dwarves’ homeland from the dragon Smaug. The little hobbit is frightened by the mere thought of danger, but the adventure in him ignites and causes him to agree. Through a series of events, Tolkien uses Bilbo’s characterization and ethics toRead MoreThe Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey954 Words   |  4 PagesHobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien. Accroding to Dictionary.com fantasy can be defined as the faculty or an activity of imagining things, especially things that are impossible or improbable. In a fantasy book or movie, like the definition states things that are used in the movie or the book tend not to be real. But that s un-realness almost makes it seem real and makes you want to be a part of the movie of the book. The movie takes place in Middle Earth. Middle-Earth is a made up place created by J.R.R. TolkienRead More J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings Essay2306 Words   |  10 PagesJ.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings â€Å"One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the Darkness bind them† (Tolkien, The Two Towers 233)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the masters of British Literature, J.R.R. Tolkien was able to create a fantasy world with an endless supply of parallelisms to reality. The fantasy world was found in the â€Å"Lord of the Rings.† Tolkien is able to create wonderful symbolism and meaning out of what would otherwise be considered nonsense.

The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - 700 Words

The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The United States was completely unjustified in dropping the atomic bomb because it was used so we could have a sense of â€Å"power† over the rest of the world. President Harry Truman had paid no heed to his prior statements as to the intended use of the bomb; and not only had it violated the Hague Convention, but it also caused lifelong repercussions for Japan’s land and people. The United States, nearly 70 years later, has yet to apologize to the victims or their families or pay compensation for Japan’s tragic loss; and the United States has not acknowledged that the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were carried out in transgression of international law. Section 2, Chapter 1, Article 25 of the Hague†¦show more content†¦He and I are in accord. The target will be a purely military one and we will issue a warning statement asking the Japs to surrender and save lives. Im sure they will not do that, but we will hav e given them the chance. It is certainly a good thing for the world that Hitlers crowd or Stalins did not discover this atomic bomb. It seems to be the most terrible thing ever discovered†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (United States, National Archives and Records Administration) Although President Truman stated that the United States would issue a warning statement, they did no such thing. Only after the first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, did the United States admit that they were going to drop another one only two days later. The Truman administration may have felt pressure due to the fact that the atomic bombs had cost $2 billion to develop (Jefferies) so if they did not utilize them within a certain amount of time, then the people may have felt like their money was wasted or that the United States had some ulterior motive for the usage of the bomb. However, even if the Truman administration was receiving public ridicule for spending billions of dollars, the deaths of thousands and thousands of innocent people in no way makes up for it. Not only had the bomb killed 100,000 in Hiroshima in the first ten seconds (Batten) and roughly 37,000 in Nagasaki, but it killed even moreShow MoreRelatedThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1720 Words   |  7 PagesPart A: Plan of Investigation To what extent did the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan justified? The Manhattan project was the reason the bomb, ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’ were dropped in Japan. The Manhattan project was created because America was frightened, that Germany was already creating nuclear bombs. (http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki) So, America started the project in 1949. The reason Japan became the target was because, JapanRead MoreHiroshima And Nagasaki Bombing Of Hiroshima1206 Words   |  5 PagesWar Two Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing The Bombing In 1945, the US dropped 2 atomic bombs on the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, causing hundreds of thousands civilian deaths. Some people say that this act helped to end the world war and save more lives, but others think that it was not needed and wasn t the cause of the Japanese surrender. Sequence of Events 5th August 1945 President gives approval to use bombs 6th August 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima 9th August 1945 Bombing of Nagasaki 15th AugustRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1902 Words   |  8 Pages Hiroshima and Nagasaki altered the course of world events by starting the Cold War, ushering advancements in technology, and by influencing cultures worldwide. Occurring on August 6 and August 9 in 1945, the bombing of the cities set of a series of events that would forever change history. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from the war as superpowers with seemingly limitless power. Their ideologies, however, contrasted greatly, and the once allied nations would turn against each otherRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1474 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear Paper: The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki World War Two is arguably the most famous war in world history. It is remembered as a very tragic and influential historical event across the globe. Many countries joined the war at different times, but the general start date has been narrowed to the period of time between 1931 and 1939. The war was primarily between two main powers; the Axis nations, consisting of Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the Allied nations, led by Britain and CommonwealthRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1593 Words   |  7 Pages Bombing of Hiroshima On August 8th 1945 the first atomic weapon, a fission bomb, was dropped on the city of Hiroshima in an attempt to force the Japanese to surrender in World War II (Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2009). This event exposed the danger of nuclear energy. This massive explosion demolished 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people. This was only the beginning though, tens of thousands of innocent people died due to the aftermath of radiation exposure for anotherRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1165 Words   |  5 Pagesnot entered the war at the time. It wasn’t until after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 that the U.S. had officially declared war on Germany and Japan. After Germany had agreed to an unconditional surrender, therefore ending the war in Europe, the U.S. was still at war with Japan and the U.S, hesitant to risk more American lives, made the difficult decision to drop the atomic bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Both bom bings resulted in the instant deaths of about 135,000 people andRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bombing of Hiroshima Nagasaki Would you kill a thousand to save millions? Well the drastic actions taken by the United States did save millions. There were two actions that had to occur to save the millions and end the war, the dropping of the two atomic bombs being the first of their kind were to be the most powerful bomb ever invented using atomic and nuclear forces so create it and packed over 20,000 tons of TNT and was about ten feet long. The bomber that transported and dropped themRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most talked about events in human history. It was the first and last time an atomic bomb was used in the history of the world. The bombing did not only mark the end of a battle with the Japanese but provided humanity a first-hand preview into the effects of the man-made device. Since the bombing there have been many discussions such as: who should possess such power, will mankind be the reason for its own d emise, and why did America decide to useRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1559 Words   |  7 Pagesalready been devastated by airstrikes. It was hoped that the bombing of Hiroshima with an atomic weapon would cause Japan to finally surrender unconditionally. That did not happen. Three days later on Aug 9, 1945 Nagasaki was bombed with the second atomic bomb. Japan surrendered unconditionally Aug 14, 1945. The United States had already been bombing Japan for years with a net effect worse than the outcome of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but Japan did not show any signs of surrendering. Why did theRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1174 Words   |  5 PagesMorality of The Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki There have been various arguments regarding the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that continually surface as to whether it was necessary or morally right to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. Depending upon whose side of the argument you have heard causes one to question whether this was a morally right or wrong decision that was made. Serious reconciliation is needed due to this event, and both sides of the argument need to be strongly considered

Colosseum Free Essays

The Colosseum is so important to society today, because not only is it a major accomplishment for architecture, with the styles and techniques that were used, It also had a major effect on our athletics that we have today. The Colosseum was such a huge achievement for not only Rome but also other countries like our very own United States of America, because it had an everlasting impact on our society today. The Colosseum was so important to Rome in terms of entertainment and athletics. We will write a custom essay sample on Colosseum or any similar topic only for you Order Now The sound waves of gladiatorial battles, naval clashes, and savage beast wars urrounded the Colosseum, amplifying the crowds’ intensity and excitement to a whole new level. It was such a dangerous area that a lower wall with a railing was surmounted around the arena (Colosseum 1). The Colosseum is located in Rome, Italy, originally called the Amphitheatrum Flavianum. The Colosseum is a symbol of Rome’s power and is one of the world’s greatest wonders. The structure is composed of travertine blocks, a broken down marble rock, forming an ellipse 1,719 feet in circumference and 159 feet in height, with an area 282 feet by 177 feet. Soaring four tories high, arcades with pillars of Doric form the first three stories, as well as Ionic and Corinthian orders, meaning that all three were combined to form a new design. The Doric order being typically used for temples and is the simplest of the three, Ionic was a stockier look that was used usually for small buildings, then Corinthian was the â€Å"leafy’ look that you would typically see at the top and bottoms of pillars. The interior of the building had three sections of marble seats for roughly 50,000 spectators. Beneath the sand were hidden passageways for the Gladiators preparing or battle and some were areas for the beast to remain until they were called upon (Titus Flavius Vespasianus 1). Fans adored Gladiators because they were strong and courageous, they were aware of the consequence, if they did not perform well, being death (Lendon 1). Though many gladiators did die in the arena clashing with another gladiator for respect and possibly even a little fame, most died from the nonfatal wounds that would get infected. For some time the gladiatorial combat was on the rise and then began to fade away, this was around the time the Visigoths invaded Rome in 410. This then set the Empire on a decline resulting in very little money for the gladiator games. There is no mention of the games in the surviving records after the 430’s. The Colosseum however was not deserted. Such massive buildings were far too valuable to be left alone. Builders hauled away the Colosseums stones to repair other structures or to build new buildings, such as churches and public spaces (Lendon 2). When looking at athletics today, there are similarities to the Colosseum. The Stadiums or arenas that are used today all reflect the basic principles of the Colosseum. Sports such as football, basketball, soccer, and track, all consist of an â€Å"arena† where dominate athletes will participate in showcasing their elite and overpowering athletic abilities, competiting either as a team or individually to be the best. Surrounding that â€Å"arena† can compare the Colosseum’s idea of an appropriate spectators view was given but at a price, exactly like our society today. It you nad t money you could afford the best seat in the stadium, and if you didn’t, you had to settle for a seat that didn’t have nearly as good of a view. It is apparent more space as provided for the spectators, because for the sake of being able to entertain a large crowd. Within a stadium are important areas to an athlete, in Rome these areas were passageways within the bottom layer of the Colosseum and the gladiators would be training and working on their combat skills and preparing for their battle (Lugli 1). A more common comparison would be a football stadium in which there are training rooms for the athletes and the locker room where all of the pre-game preparation is done. The athletes put all of their focus on the training, because the sport has major importance to them. The Colosseum impacted more than athletics, but also the Architecture that we see today is still being used and the ideas are being improved. When you look at the Colosseum you can see columns, arches, and other detailed designs within in the walls. Much like the Romans, Americans tend to salvage the good remains of buildings so that they can be used elsewhere. Today there are many buildings that have the same type of construction. Two examples being The White House and the Washington Capitol Building, two buildings represent power much like the Colosseum, both buildings consisting of the similar style columns and arches. You could sit here and try and convince yourself that there are differences between these buildings and the Colosseum, like it not being a similar shape but its not about that, the main importance would be how the structure is being held up and that would be with the strong, sturdy pillars that carry the image of power. This idea has been carried on through schools, Police departments, Courts, and even some banks have had similar structures. All of these buildings symbolize a lot of power over people for their own individual reasons. Though many will debate that perhaps the Colosseum is no longer important to ociety, It can be studied not only for its fascinating architecture but it can be used as a reminder of the sports that we have today and where our modern sports evolved from. The building itself is fascinating in the way it was put together with the lack of technology back then. Today something like that could be built faster and could be even more stable and perhaps more unique. The designs and the arches used could be even more developed and its look could be more eccentric, but acquiring the travertine block was difficult during this era, which adds to the significance of this marvelous building. How to cite Colosseum, Papers

Education And Egalitarianism In America (4737 words) Essay Example For Students

Education And Egalitarianism In America (4737 words) Essay Education And Egalitarianism In AmericaEducation and Egalitarianism in America The American educator Horace Mann once said: As an apple is not in any proper sense an apple until it is ripe, so a human being is not in any proper sense a human being until he is educated. Education is the process through which people endeavor to pass along to their children their hard-won wisdom and their aspirations for a better world. This process begins shortly after birth, as parents seek to train the infant to behave as their culture demands. They soon, for instance, teach the child how to turn babbling sounds into language and, through example and precept, they try to instill in the child the attitudes, values, skills, and knowledge that will govern their offsprings behavior throughout later life. Schooling, or formal education, consists of experiences that are deliberately planned and utilized to help young people learn what adults consider important for them to know and to help teach them how they should respond to choices. This education has been influenced by three important parts of modern American society: wisdom of the heart, egalitarianism, and practicality. .. the greatest of these, practicality. In the absence of written records, no one can be sure what education man first provided for his children. Most anthropologists believe, though, that the educational practices of prehistoric times were probably like those of primitive tribes in the 20th century, such as the Australian aborigines and the Aleuts. Formal instruction was probably given just before the childs initiation into adulthood the puberty rite and involved tribal customs and beliefs too complicated to be learned by direct experience. Children learned most of the skills, duties, customs, and beliefs of the tribe through an informal apprenticeship by taking part in such adult activities as hunting, fishing, farming, toolmaking, and cooking. In such simple tribal societies, school was not a special place. .. it was life itself. However, the educational process has changed over the decades, and it now vaguely represents what it was in ancient times, or even in early American society. While the schools that the colonists established in the 17th century in the New England, Southern, and Middle colonies differed from one another, each reflected a concept of schooling that had been left behind in Europe. Most poor children learned through apprenticeship and had no formal schooling at all. Those who did go to elementary school were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. Learning consisted of memorizing, which was stimulated by whipping. The first basic textbook, The New England Primer, was Americas own contribution to education. Used from 1690 until the beginning of the 19th century, its purpose was to teach both religion and reading. The child learning the letter a, for example, also learned that In Adams fall, We sinned all. As in Europe, then, the schools in the colonies were strongly influenced by religion. This was particularly true of the schools in the New England area, which had been settled by Puritans and other English religious dissenters. Like the Protestants of the Reformation, who established vernacular elementary schools in Germany in the 16th century, the Puritans sought to make education universal. They took the first steps toward government-supported universal education in the colonies. In 1642, Puritan Massachusetts passed a law requiring that every child be taught to read. And, in 1647, it passed the Old Deluder Satan Act, so named because its purpose was to defeat Satans attempts to keep men, through an inability to read, from the knowledge of the Scriptures. The law required every town of 50 or more families to establish an elementary school and every town of 100 or more families to maintain a grammar school as well. Puritan or not, virtually all of the colonial schools had clear-cut moral purposes. Skills and knowledge were considered important to the degree that they served religious ends and, of course, trained the mind. We call it wisdom of the heart. These matters, by definition, are anything that the heart is convinced of so thoroughly convinced that it over-powers the judgement of the mind. Early schools supplied the students with moral lessons, not just reading, writing and arithmetic. Obviously, the founders saw it necessary to apply these techniques, most likely feeling that it was necessary that the students learn these particular values. Wisdom of the heart had a profound effect of the curriculum of the early schools. As the spirit of science, commercialism, secularism, and individualism quickened in the Western world, education in the colonies was called upon to satisfy the practical needs of seamen, merchants, artisans, and frontiersmen. The effect of these new developments on the curriculum in American schools was more immediate and widespread than its effect in European schools. Practical content was soon in competition with religious concerns. The academy that Benjamin Franklin helped found in 1751 was the first of a growing number of secondary schools that sprang up in competition with the Latin schools. Franklins academy continued to offer the humanist-religious curriculum, but it also brought education closer to the needs of everyday life by teaching such courses as history, geography, merchant accounts, geometry, algebra, surveying, modern languages, navigation, and astronomy. These subjects were more practical, seeing as how industry and business were driving forces in the creation of the United States. Religion classes could not support a family or pay the debts. By the mid-19th century this new diversification in the curriculum characterized virtually all American secondary education. America came into its own, educationally, with the movement toward state-supported, secular free schools for all children, which began in the 1820s with the common (elementary) school. The movement gained incentive in 1837 when Massachusetts established a state board of education and appointed the lawyer and politician Horace Mann (1796-1859) as its secretary. One of Manns many reforms was the improvement of the quality of teaching by the establishment of the first public normal (teacher-training) schools in the United States. State after state followed Massachusetts example until, by the end of the 19th century, the common-school system was firmly established. It was the first rung of what was to develop into the American educational ladder. After the common school had been accepted, people began to urge that higher education, too, be tax supported. As early as 1821, the Boston School Committee established the English Classical School (later the English High School), which was the first public secondary school in the United States. By the end of the century, such secondary schools had begun to outnumber the private academies. The original purpose of the American high school was to allow all children to extend and enrich their common-school education. With the establishment of the land-grant colleges after 1862, the high school also became a preparation for college; the step by which students who had begun at the lowest rung of the educational ladder might reach the highest. In 1873, when the kindergarten became part of the St. Louis, Mo. school system, there was a hint that, in time, a lower rung might be added. Practicality allowed this change in the high school system. Schools now needed to ready the students for college an even higher form of education instead of preparing them to immediately enter the work force. Americas educational ladder was unique. Where public school systems existed in European countries such as France and Germany, they were dual systems. When a child of the lower and middle classes finished his elementary schooling, he could go on to a vocational or technical school. The upper-class child often did not attend the elementary school but was instead tutored until he was about 9 years old and could enter a secondary school, generally a Latin grammar school. The purpose of this school was to prepare him for the university, from which he might well emerge as one of the potential leaders of his country. Instead of two separate and distinct educational systems for separate and distinct classes, the United States provided one system open to everyone a distinctly egalitarian idea. As in mid-19th-century Europe, women were slowly gaining educational ground in the United States. Female academies established by such pioneers as Emma Willard (1787-1870) and Catharine Beecher (1800-78) prepared the way for secondary education for women. In 1861, Vassar, the first real college for women, was founded. Even earlier, in 1833, Oberlin College was founded as a coeducational college, and in 1837, four women began to study there. In the mid-19th century there was yet another change in education. The secondary-school curriculum, that had been slowly expanding since the founding of the academies in the mid-18th century, virtually exploded. But the voice of practicality cried out again. A new society, complicated by the latest discoveries in the physical and biological sciences and the rise of industrialism and capitalism, called for more and newer kinds of knowledge. By 1861 as many as 73 subjects were being offered by the Massachusetts secondary schools. People still believed that the mind could be trained, but they now thought that science could do a better job than the classics could. The result was a curriculum that was virtually saturated with scientific instruction. The mid-19th-century knowledge explosion also modestly affected some of the common schools, which expanded their curriculum to include such courses as science and nature study. Burial Practices Of The Ancient Egyptian And Greco Essay The purpose of the school, however, is not to re-create an environment of relatively random activity but to create an environment where activities are carefully chosen to promote the development of intelligence. Carefully selected and guided, they become nets for gathering and retaining knowledge. Instead of presenting children with an already packaged study of elementary science, Dewey might well have recommended that they study life in an aquarium. The childs natural curiosity should lead to such questions as, Why does the fish move his mouth like that? Is he always drinking? His search for the answer will lead his intelligence in the same direction as that taken by the scientist the direction of formulated conclusions based on observation of the phenomenon. He will be learning the method as well as the subject matter of science; learning to think as a scientist does. Moreover, the inquiry process need not be confined to one narrow area of knowledge but can be guided naturally by the teacher into investigations of fishing and then, conceivably (depending on the maturity of the young learner), of the role of the sea in the life of man. The barriers between subjects thus break down as the childs curiosity impels him to draw upon information from all areas of human knowledge. Books, films, recordings, and other such tools serve this end. Learning the skills reading, writing, spelling, and arithmetic can be made meaningful to the child more easily if he is not forced through purposeless mechanical exercises, which, he is told, are important as a preparation for activities in later life. He should be led to discover that in order to do something he recognizes to be important right now, he needs certain skills. If he wants to write a letter, he must know how to spell; if he wants to make a belt, he must know how to measure the leather correctly. Of course, Dewey was not suggesting that in order to learn an individual must restate the whole history of the human race through personal inquiry. While the need for a background of direct experiences is great in elementary school, as children get older they should become increasingly able to carry out intellectual investigations without having to depend upon direct experiences. The principle of experiencing does apply, however, to the elementary phase of all subjects even when the learner is a high-school or college student or an adult. The purpose is to encourage in the learner a habitual attitude of establishing connections between the everyday life of human beings and the materials of formal instruction in a way that has meaning and application. The measuring and comparative grading of a students assumed abilities, processes that reflect the educators desire to assess the results of schooling, are incompatible with Deweys thinking. The quantity of what is acquired does not in itself have anything to do with the development of mind. The quality of mental process, not the production of correct answers, he wrote, is the measure of educative growth. Because it is a process, learning is cumulative, and cannot be forced or rushed. For Dewey, the educative growth of the individual assures the healthy growth of a society. A society grows only by changes brought about by free individuals with independent intelligence and resourcefulness. The beginning of a better society, then, lies in the creation of better schools. At about the same time that a few pioneering schools of the 1920s were trying to put Deweys theories into practice, the testing movement, which started in about 1910, was working up steam. The child had first become the object of methodical scientific research in 1897, when experiments conducted by Joseph M. Rice suggested that drill in spelling did not produce effective results. By 1913 Edward L. Thorndike had concluded that learning was the establishment of connections between a stimulus and a response and that the theory of mental faculties was nonsense. Alfred Binet, in 1905, published the first scale for measuring intelligence. During the 1920s, children began to be given IQ (intelligence quotient) and achievement tests on a wide scale and sometimes were carefully grouped by ability and intelligence. Many of the spelling and reading books they used, foreshadowing the 1931 Dick and Jane readers, were based on controlled vocabularies. After the shock Americans felt when the Soviets launched the first space satellite (Sputnik) in 1957, criticism of the schools swelled into loud demands for renewed emphasis on content mastery. The insistence on cognitive performance and excellence accomplished four things. It increased competitive academic pressures on students at all levels. It stimulated serious and sustained interest in preschool education, which manifested itself in various ways from the revival of the Montessori method in the 1960s to the preschool television series Sesame Street in 1969. In addition, it created a new interest in testing, this time in such forms as national assessments of student performance, experiments with programmed materials, and attempts to gauge when children could begin to read. And it stimulated interest in the application of technology and instructional systems to education as a means of improving student instruction. It was practical to open up new avenues of education the United States was in competition with the Soviet Union. The Space Race was well on its way and America needed to change the way they learned. And practicality was the key. From the 18th century onward, as knowledge of the world increased, new subjects had been added and old ones split up into branches. Later, new combinations of courses resulted from the attempt to put the scattered pieces of knowledge back together again. The purpose was to make knowledge more rational and meaningful so that it could be understood instead of mechanically memorized. It also encouraged young learners to begin to think and inquire as scholars do. In other words, many of the new programs developed for use in the schools, particularly in the 1960s, stressed the inquiry approach as a means of mastering a body of knowledge and of creating a desire for more knowledge. Resistance to the 1954 United States Supreme Court decision terminating segregation placed the schools in the middle of a bitter and sometimes violent dispute over which children were going to attend what schools. By 1965, when a measure of genuine integration had become a reality in many school districts, the schools again found themselves in the eye of a stormy controversy. This time the question was not which children were going to what schools but what kind of education society should provide for the students. The goal of high academic performance, which had been revived by criticisms and reforms of the 1950s and early 1960s, began to be challenged by demands for more humane, relevant, and pressure-free schooling. Many university and some high-school students from all ethnic groups and classes had been growing more and more frustrated some of them desperately so over what they felt was a cruel and senseless war in Vietnam and a cruel, discriminatory, competitive, loveless society at home. They demanded curriculum reform, improved teaching methods, and greater stress and action on such problems as overpopulation, pollution, international strife, deadly weaponry, and discrimination. Pressure for reform came not only from students but also from many educators. While students and educators alike spoke of the need for greater relevance in what was taught, opinions as to what was relevant varied greatly. The blacks wanted new textbooks in which their people were recognized and fairly represented, and some of them wanted courses in black studies. They, and many white educators, also objected to culturally biased intelligence and aptitude tests and to academic college entrance standards and examinations. Such tests, they said, did not take into account the diverse backgrounds of students who belonged to ethnic minorities and whose culture was therefore different from that of the white middle-class student. Whites and blacks alike also wanted a curriculum that touched more closely on contemporary social problems and teaching methods that recognized their existence as individual human beings rather than as faceless robots competing for grades. Alarmed by the helplessness and hopelessness of the urban ghetto schools, educators began to insist on curricula and teaching methods flexible enough to provide for differences in students social and ethnic backgrounds. In this way, egalitarianism entered into the education system. Rather than keeping whites and blacks segregated in the schools, egalitarianists provided a way for the two groups to co-exist equally. In this case, the standards were raised instead of lowered in order to promote this new equality. Previously, whites and blacks studied on very different levels. Unfortunately, blacks were not given the same opportunities as whites were and they did not receive the attention needed to improve the environment in which they studied. Things changed, however, when egalitarianists raised the standards to promote equality. Clearly, the American education system has changed drastically over the years. From one-room schoolhouses to acres of college campus.. . from Pestalozzi to Dewey from simple religious studies to graduate programs, education has been influenced by many different factors, such as egalitarianism, wisdom of the heart, and most importantly, practicality. Necessity is the mother of invention, they say Just as practicality is the mother of educational reform.Education Essays

Roller Coasters and Their Theory Essay Example

Roller Coasters and Their Theory Paper 2010 NAME: CAROLENA SEEREERAM DINESH TEELUCKSINGH DEVIANN SINGH VINCENT BAHADUR KERLON MOORE INSTRUCTOR: MR. RISHI RAMPERSAD COURSE: ENGINEERING SCIENCE COURSE: ENGINEERING SCIENCE CLASS: COMPUTER ENGINEERING (YEAR 1) INSTRUCTOR: RISHI RAMPERSAD GROUP MEMBERS: CAROLENA SEEREERAM DINESH TEELUCKSINGH DEVIANN SINGH VINCENT BAHADUR KERLON MOORE ABSTRACT A roller coaster is an amusement park ride where passengers sit in a series of wheeled cars that are linked together. The cars move along a pair of rails supported by a wood or steel structure. In operation, the cars are carried up a steep incline by a linked chain. When the cars reach the top of the incline, they roll free of the chain and are propelled downward due to gravity through a series of drops, rises, and turns. Finally the cars are braked to a stop at the starting point, where the passengers get out and new passengers get on. Roller coasters are considered by many to be the most exciting ride in any amusement park. TABLE OF CONTENTS Task Pages Abstract 3 Introduction 5 Objectives Methodology6 Background Information Design of a Roller Coaster 7-13 * Working of a Roller Coaster 14-15 * Energy Transformations 16 Methodology 17 Main Body 18 * Brief History of Roller a Coaster * Types of Roller Coasters Reference and Appendix 19 INTRODUCTION This project is based on the operations and the energy conversions of a roller coaster and it is designed to make an understanding of how a roller coaster works. A roller coaster ride is a thrilling experience which involves a we alth of physics. Part of the physics of a roller coaster is the physics of work and energy. We will write a custom essay sample on Roller Coasters and Their Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Roller Coasters and Their Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Roller Coasters and Their Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The ride often begins as a chain and motor, or other mechanical device which exerts a force on the train of cars to lift the train to the top of track. Once the cars are lifted to the top of the track, gravity takes over and the remainder of the ride is an experience in energy transformation. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this project include: 1) Describing the equipment design and operation of Roller Coasters. 2) Investigating the sources of energy and stating whether the energy is harnessed naturally or if it is renewable. 3) Energy conversion and the losses incurred during the conversion process. ) Identifying the environmental impacts of using such energy. Methodology Different data collection methods were used to collect information of the roller coaster. The most used was the use of the internet. A lot of the information was gathered from different sites and was restructured in one’s own words. Also watching videos from the internet (YouTube) was widely used in gathering of the information. Another method was through reading of text books and encyclopedia based on the roller coaster and once again the information was put together in one’s own words. The following steps were taken when researching the topic. First planning was done on how to do the research and who had to do what in the research. Different members had to do different types of research. Some did through the internet and some researched by reading of text books and encyclopedia. The data was then analyze, then the study of the design of the structure of the roller coaster. Implementation of the information and restructure of the information was then carried out by all members of the group. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Design of a Roller Coaster The design of a roller coaster ride is the first and most important part of the manufacturing process. Because each roller coaster is unique, every detail must be designed literally from the ground up. In order to design a roller coaster, designers must consider what kind of riders will use the coaster. If the coaster is designed for small children, the hills and curves will be gentle, and the cars speed will be relatively slow. Families usually want a somewhat faster ride with plenty of turns and moderate forces. Ultimate thrill seekers want extreme heights and speeds. Next, the designers must consider the space available for the coaster, because roller coasters not only take a lot of ground space, but also a lot of air space. Designers look at the general terrain, other surrounding rides, power lines, access roads, lakes, trees, and other obstacles. Some amusement parks have added so many rides that a new roller coaster has to be designed to thread its way through existing rides and walkways. The next objective for the designers is to achieve a unique feel for the coaster. Designers can draw on a number of techniques to provide a memorable ride. The initial incline can be made steeper or the speed of the lift chain can be made slower to heighten the apprehension of the passengers. Once up the incline, the first drop is usually designed to be the steepest, and therefore the fastest and scariest. Other drops can be designed with a brief flattened section in the middle, and are called double dips. Drops with very abrupt transitions to a flat or upturned section are called slammers because they slam the passengers down into their seats. Letting the cars run close to the ground, in what is called a gully coaster, gives the illusion of increased speed. The advent of steel construction for coasters has allowed a number of variations on the basic roller coaster ride. In some modern coasters, the passengers sit suspended below the tracks rather than riding on top of them. In others, the passengers ride standing up rather than sitting down. Most of the actual design and layout of a roller coaster is done on a computer. The height of the first incline must be calculated to give the cars enough energy to propel them all the way through the ride and back to the station. The horizontal and vertical forces that the loaded cars exert on the track must be calculated at every point to ensure that the support structure is adequate. Because each coaster usually incorporates one or more new and untried features, a working prototype of the new features may be built for testing and evaluation. The prototype is erected at the manufacturers facility, and weighted test cars outfitted with instrumentation are propelled through the test section at the desired speed. Based on these tests, the designers may alter their original design before building the final product. When the calculations, design, and testing are complete, a computer-aided drafting (CAD) program is used to prepare detailed drawings for each of the thousands of parts that will be used to build the new coaster. The Manufacturing Process of a Roller Coaster The actual physical construction of a roller coaster may take place in a factory or on the amusement park site depending on the type and size of the coaster. Most steel coasters are built in sections in a factory, then trucked to the site and erected. Most wooden coasters are built piece-by-piece on the site. Here is the typical sequence of operations for manufacturing both modern steel coasters and classic wooden coasters: Preparing the Site: 1) Before the roller coaster can be installed, the area where it is to be located needs to be cleared and prepared. 2)   If there are existing structures, vegetation, or utilities that need to be moved or demolished, this work is done first. If any of the surrounding terrain needs to be filled or excavated, that work is also done at this time. 3) Holes for the support structure foundations are surveyed and drilled or dug. Sturdy wooden forms are then constructed to hold the concrete for each foundation point. In some areas where the soil is very sandy, large wooden piles may be driven into the ground as foundations rather than using poured concrete. If concrete is used, it is brought to the site in mixer trucks and pumped into place by a concrete pump with a long, articulating arm that can reach each foundation form. Connector plates are imbedded into the concrete on top of each foundation to allow attachment of the supports. Erecting the Main Support Structure: 4) When the foundation is in place, work begins on the main support structure. All the parts for steel coasters are made in a factory and shipped to the job site in sections on trucks. In the factory, the pieces for each support are cut and welded into the required shape using fixtures to hold them in the proper orientation to each other. If a complex three-dimensional bend is required, this may be done in a hydraulic tube bender that is controlled by information from the computer. On wooden coasters, the material for the supports is usually shipped to the site as unfinished lumber and the individual pieces are cut and assembled on site. In either case, the lower portions of the main supports are lifted by a crane and are attached to the connector plates protruding from the foundation points. ) Once the lower supports are in place, they may be temporarily braced while the upper sections are lifted into place and connected. This work continues until the main support structure is complete. Installing the Track: 6) With the main support structure in place, the track is installed. On steel coasters, sections of track are fabricated in the factory with the stanchions an d tubular tracks welded to the track supports. After the sections are brought to the site, they are lifted into place, and the track ends are slid together. The sections are then bolted to the main support structure and to each other. On wooden coasters, wood tie beams are installed across the top of the main support structure along the entire length of the ride. Six to eight layers of flat wood boards are installed lengthways on top of the tie beams in two rows to form a laminated base for the rails. The rails themselves are formed from long, flat strips of steel screwed into the wood base. 7) On steel coasters, walkways and handrails are welded in place along the outside of the track to allow maintenance access and emergency evacuation of passengers. On wooden coasters, the portions of the tie beams outside of the track are used as walkways, and handrails are installed. ) The lift chain and anti-rollback mechanisms are installed on the lift hill, and the braking device is installed on the final approach to the station. Fabricating the Cars: 9) The individual cars for the coaster are fabricated in the factory. The sub frame pieces are cut and welded. The bodies are stamped from aluminum or molded in fiberglass, t hen fastened to the sub frame. Seat cushions may be cut from foam, mounted on a base, and covered with upholstery. Running wheels and guide wheels are bolted in place with locking fasteners. Brake fins, anti-rollback dogs, and other safety components are installed. Finishing the Ride: 0) When the main construction is completed, electrical wiring is installed for the lighting, and the entire ride may be painted. The boarding station is constructed, signs are installed, and the landscaping is put in place. Working of a Roller Coaster The roller coasters work on the principle of conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy. The cars attached to the roller coaster do not have self-powered motor. Instead they are pulled by one chained with the other to the first peak of the roller coaster track. On reaching the top of the first peak the kinetic energy with which the cars are pulled becomes the potential energy. With that the cars of the roller coaster system not only slide down but also move up the second peak. This process is repeated in the subsequent peaks and finally the cars are brought to a stop with the application of brake run. A well designed roller coaster will have enough energy to complete the entire course of the track and will come to an end on the application of brake run at the end. Modern roller coasters have launch mechanisms, which starts off the ride with a high amount of acceleration by means of one or series of Linear Induction Motors and Linear synchronous Motors, powered by hydraulic or pneumatic force. Roll back occurs when a launched train does not have enough potential energy to ascend the top of the first peak. Under the roll back the train comes back to the original launching place for re-launch. In the case of continuous circuit roller coasters, when the kinetic energy is not enough for the train to complete the travel after descending from its highest peak point , it moves forward and backward along the track until all the kinetic energy is released. After that it comes to a stop. Energy Transformations in a Roller Coaster A roller coaster ride also illustrates the work and energy relationship. The work done by external forces is capable of changing the total amount of mechanical energy from an initial value to some final value. The amount of work done by the external forces upon the object is equal to the amount of change in the total mechanical energy of the object. The relationship is often stated in the form of the following mathematical equation. KEinitial + PEinitial + Wexternal = KEfinal + PEfinal The left side of the equation includes the total mechanical energy (KEinitial + PEinitial) for the initial state of the object plus the work done on the object by external forces (Wexternal) while the right side of the equation includes the total mechanical energy (KEfinal + PEfinal) for the final state of the object. Once a roller coaster has reached its initial summit and begins its descent through loops, turns and smaller hills, the only forces acting upon the coaster cars are the force of gravity, the normal force and dissipative forces such as air resistance. The force of gravity is an internal force and thus any work done by it does not change the total mechanical energy of the train of cars. The normal force of the track pushing up on the cars is an external force. However, it is at all times directed perpendicular to the motion of the cars and thus is incapable of doing any work upon the train of cars. Finally, the air resistance force is capable of doing work upon the cars and thus draining a small amount of energy from the total mechanical energy which the cars possess. However, due to the complexity of this force and its small contribution to the large quantity of energy possessed by the cars, it is often neglected. By neglecting the influence of air resistance, it can be said that the total mechanical energy of the train of cars is conserved during the ride. That is to say, the total amount of mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential) possessed by the cars is the same throughout the ride. Energy is neither gained nor lost, only transformed from kinetic energy to potential energy and vice versa. Energy Transformations in a Roller Coaster Methodology Different data collection methods were used to collect information of the roller coaster. The most used was the use of the internet. A lot of the information was gathered from different sites and was restructured in one’s own words. Also watching videos from the internet (YouTube) was widely used in gathering of the information. Another method was through reading of text books and encyclopedia based on the roller coaster and once again the information was put together in one’s own words. The following steps were taken when researching the topic. First planning was done on how to do the research and who had to do what in the research. Different members had to do different types of research. Some did through the internet and some researched by reading of text books and encyclopedia. The data was then analyze, then the study of the design of the structure of the roller coaster. Implementation of the information and restructure of the information was then carried out by all members of the group. Main Body Brief History of a Roller Coaster: A roller coaster train going downhill represents merely a complex case as a body is descending an inclined plane. Newtons first two laws relate force and acceleration, which are key concepts in roller coaster physics. At amusement parks, Newtons laws can be applied to every ride. These rides range from The Swings to The Hammer. Newton was also one of the developers of calculus which is essential to analyzing falling bodies constrained on more complex paths than inclined planes. A roller coaster ride is in a gravitational field except with the Principle of Equivalence. An important thing to consider is that the carts on a conventional modern day roller coaster are not self-powered. The movement is generated exclusively by gravitational, inertial and centripetal forces. Although the tracks are getting more and more complex and the speed is ever increasing, the basic principles of physics at work are simple and can be easily understood. Still, the actual task of designing a roller coaster itself is by no means simple, which is reflected by the many obstacles that need to be overcome before a coaster becomes operational. Given this contrasting perspective, this paper is going to take a look at these underlying physics principles as well as some engineering methods that are involved. Energy is essentially applied to the carts only as they are pulled up the first hill. This hill is often called the lift hill. Once the coaster reaches the top, the forces applied to it for the remainder of the ride are mainly gravitational and inertial. Therefore, in essence, the fundamental principle behind the coaster’s operation is the ‘conservation of energy,’ which simply states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. The total energy which is consisted of ‘potential’ and ‘kinetic’ parts, is therefore constant. As the coaster moves up the lift hill, the total energy exerted on the carts is stored in the system as potential energy. This happens since as the height increases, there is a greater chance for the gravity to act on the cart to pull it down. However, it is not desirable to have the carts fall vertically to the ground, and so a good way to think about what is happening here is that the tracks are designed to manipulate this fall. The second physical principle relevant here is Newton’s first law: This states that an object stays in motion (or conversely stays still) if no external forces are applied. The tendency of objects to do this is referred to as ‘inertia’. Based on this principle, as the cart reaches the second hill (after the lift hill), it continues to rise converting kinetic energy to potential energy. However, some of the energy will be lost due to friction which exists between the tracks and the cart wheels as well as that created by carts moving through the air. Therefore, a few extra hills (which are shorter than the lift hill) are put along the path to ‘recharge’ the cart giving it more potential energy to convert back to kinetic energy. The racks are designed in such a way that at the end of the ride, all potential energy is converted to kinetic energy so there is little need for brakes and the carts essentially stop on their own. Components The worlds tallest and fastest roller coaster, the Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey. At first glance, a roller coaster is something like a passenger train. It consists of a series of connected cars that move on tracks. But unlike a passenger train, a roller coaster has no engine  or power source of its own. For most of the ride, the train is moved by  gravity  and momentum. To build up this momentum, you need to get the train to the top of the first hill (the lift hill) or give it a powerful launch. Chain Lift The traditional lifting mechanism is a long length of chain (or chains) running up the hill under the track. The chain is fastened in a loop, which is wound around a gear at the top of the hill and another one at the bottom of the hill. The gear at the bottom of the hill is turned by a simple  motor. This turns the chain loop so that it continually moves up the hill like a long conveyer belt. The coaster cars grip onto the chain with several  chain dogs, sturdy hinged hooks. When the train rolls to the bottom of the hill, the dogs catches onto the chain links. Once the chain dog is hooked, the chain simply pulls the train to the top of the hill. At the summit, the chain dog is released and the train starts its descent down the hill. Catapult-launch In some newer coaster designs, a catapult launch sets the train in motion. There are several sorts of catapult launches, but they all basically do the same thing. Instead of dragging the train up a hill to build up potential energy, these systems start the train off by building up a good amount of kinetic energy in a short amount of time. One popular catapult system is the linear-induction motor. A linear-induction motor uses  electromagnets  to build two magnetic fields one on the track and one on the bottom of the train that are attracted to each other. The motor moves the magnetic field on the track, pulling the train along behind it at a high rate of speed. The main advantages of this system are its speed, efficiency, durability, precision and controllability. Another popular system uses dozens of rotating wheels to launch the train up the lift hill. The wheels are arranged in two adjacent rows along the track. The wheels grip the bottom (or top) of the train between them, pushing the train forward. The Breaks Like any train, a roller coaster needs a  brake  system so it can stop precisely at the end of the ride or in an emergency. In roller coasters, the brakes arent built into the train itself; theyre built into the track. This system is very simple. A series of clamps is positioned at the end of the track and at a few other braking points. A central computer operates a  hydraulic system  that closes these clamps when the train needs to stop. The clamps close in on vertical metal fins running under the train, and this friction gradually slows the train down. Types of Roller Coasters: There are many different designs for Roller Coasters but the following are the most popular: * Wooden Roller Coaster * Steel Roller Coaster Wooden Roller Coaster – Wooden coasters use massive wooden trestle-style structures to support the track above the ground. Steel plates are used to reinforce critical joints. Steel Roller Coaster – These may use thin, trestle-style structures to support the track, or they may use thick tubular supports. The track is usually formed in sections from a pair of welded round steel tubes held in position by steel stanchions attached to rectangular box girder or thick round tubular track supports. All exposed steel surfaces are painted. Reference and Appendix http://cec. chebucto. org/Co-Phys. html http://library. thinkquest. org/2745/data/ke. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Centripetal_force http://www. teachersdomain. org/resource/hew06. sci. phys. maf. rollercoaster http://www. thehumorwriter. com/Kids_Corner_Original_Storie/Roller_Coasters/roller_coasters www. google. tt http://www. buzzle. com/articles/physics-of-roller-coasters. html