Tuning in for Direct Observation with Child C Essay

I have decided to use Taylor and Devine’s (1993) model of tuning in which will look at the general category of the client, the specific client, the phase of work and my own feelings. I felt it more appropriate to use this model of tuning in as this is not my initial meeting with Child C. First Level: General Category of the Client Child C is a seven year old boy. It is important at this stage of my intervention to be aware of the issues regarding the ways in which our society treats people at such a young age. It is difficult for a child’s voice to be heard; therefore it is essential that I listen and advocate on his behalf if necessary. It is important that I have a good understanding of the relevant legislation and policies and procedures which relate to Child C. Legislation The Children (NI) Order 1995 underpins all work with children and young people to ensure safe and effective practice. I recognise the welfare of the children and young people I work with is of paramount consideration. (Article 3) The Children (NI) Order 1995 recognises that children have the right to be safeguarded from sexual, physical, emotional abuse and neglect. â€Å"It shall be the general duty of every authority to safeguard and promote the welfare of children within its area who are in need; and So far as is consistent with the duty, to promote the upbringing of these children by their families, By providing a range and level of personal social services appropriate to those children’s needs† United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child, Article 2 – seeking the views and wishes of the child. Data Protection Act (1998) I would advise the child that information from the sessions would be recorded on agency files. Also advising the child that they could access their files at any time. This complies with the NSPCC’s policies, standards and principles. â€Å"Service user should be advised that a system for record keeping exists and the purpose for this† (NSPCC, PSP’s) Policies and Procedures NSPCC policies reflect the underpinning of the Children (NI) Order 1995 and the NSPCC NI Elective Principles and Standards In relation to Child C the following principles and standards must be adhered to in order to ensure good practice. Principle 3 standard 2 – ‘ Service users are provided with information which allows them to make informed choices about receiving a service’ Principle 4 Standard 3 – ‘ A holistic assessment of the therapeutic needs of the service user is made and is used to inform all work subsequently undertaken’ Principle 4 standard 2 – ‘all service users and particularly children are entitled to therapeutic services which are led by the concerns they bring, proceed at their pace, take account of their level of understanding Theoretical considerations Counselling – The counselling should be time limited with clear specific tasks and goals which will try and ensure that child C continues to be motivated and involved. The sessions would be used to discuss and measure how child C is getting on and what he has been able to achieve between sessions. Child Developmental Theory – working with child C I will require knowledge of child development theory. This could be used to explain some behaviours of child C and also may highlight interventions that would be most appropriate in different situations. The main child development theories are Psycho Sexual Development – based on the work of Freud. Erikson’s Life Span Approach – provides another map of development. Piaget – developed a framework for child development based on the cognitive approach to understanding human intelligence. â€Å"Piaget sees the child as an organism adapting to his/her environment as well as a scientist constructing his/her own understanding of the world.† (Gross 1996, p626) Attachment and Bonding – as Child C has been separated from his father, knowledge of Attachment theory may be very relevant. Thompson’s PCS model – This is a model for understanding Child C’s problems in an anti oppressive view. It determines the landscape in terms of Personal, Cultural and Societal barriers to his full integration and acceptance in society. Use of this model may prove beneficial in determining the context of child C’s problem areas and in ensuring that I will be able to meet best practice requirements within an anti-oppressive framework. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy – is concerned with helping people form realistic expectations and challenging negative assumptions that have been accepted too readily. Work is given to service users so they can test elements of this intervention themselves between sessions, practice their skills and test out conclusions in their real life situations. This model of intervention is also mixed with client centred counselling, which operates on the thinking that people tend to move towards healing on their own especially if the counsellor; Listens and tries to understand how things are from the service user’s point of view. Treats the service user with the utmost respect and regard. Is â€Å"congruent† – which means being self aware, self – accepting and having  knowledge of oneself and the client. Second Level: Specific Client Child C is a seven year old boy. Having read through the referral form I am aware that Child C had been displaying aggressive and angry behaviour in school. He comes from an unsettled home life and has experienced a high level of domestic violence within his family home. Child C has spent time living with his grandmother and is currently living in Women’s Aid accommodation. There are also issues regarding maintaining regular contact with his father. On my initial session with Child C it appeared that his aggressive displays in school had reduced somewhat, following a number of counselling sessions with my colleague. Following liaising with the Link Teacher in the school and Child C’s mother it appeared that the family dynamics had changed again, resulting in feelings of distress and fear for Child C. It became apparent that Child C had witnessed a domestic incident involving his parents, which resulted in his mother and siblings leaving the family home and seeking refuge and support from Women’s Aid. Mrs C advised that this had been an extremely difficult and stressful time for the family as a whole, particularly for Child C as he has a close relationship with his father. Child C had been engaging in the service for a number of weeks prior to my first session and it was anticipated that only a few more sessions were required in order to meet the desired outcomes. Third Level: Phase of Work Throughout the sessions with Child C it appeared that he really missed living with both his parents, although he recognised that his parents argued often and this was the reason that they were not all living together at this time. However Child C did advise that he would only want the family together if  Ã¢â‚¬Å"mummy and daddy would not fight†. Following consultation with Mrs C it became apparent that domestic violence has been a major feature of her relationship with her husband and that it has been ongoing for the past eleven years. Mrs C advised that her intention at this time is that she will not be re uniting with her husband and she is in the process of initiating divorce proceedings. Mrs C advised that she has finally had enough and fears for her safety with her husband. Mrs C also advised that her husband would never touch his children as he loved them dearly; however she was aware of the emotional impact the violence was having on them. Social Services are also involved with the family and at this time arrangements are being made with the Housing Executive to house the family in another area. A Non – Molestation Order is also in place against her husband, Child C’s father. From the initial contact it appeared the main issues to be addressed were family life and protective behaviours. The focus of immediate work was to establish a relationship of unconditional positive regard. The strategies used were influenced by Egan’s Eclectic Model of developing an appropriate relationship, formulating an action plan, looking at inner resources and transferring these skills to a fresh situation. The timescale for counselling was between 4 and 6 sessions. The tools that I employed included play therapy, art therapy techniques, worksheets focusing on establishing a therapeutic and structured discussion. Child C seemed to enjoy the sessions and engaged well. The desired outcome is to support Child C in developing a rapport with an adult and gaining an understanding of protective behaviours and the support network Child C has around him, to enable him to deal with difficult situations in the future. The main risk is Child C deciding not to engage with the service. As counselling is voluntary Child C may decide not to attend. Also, if the need for a child protection issue needs to be passed on arises, the relationship between Child C and I may be jeopardized. Fourth Level: Workers Feelings I feel that my previous sessions have gone well, however I am slightly apprehensive regarding this session, as it will be observed by my practice teacher. I do feel that we have established a good working relationship and that Child C is comfortable discussing his issues and concerns in my company, however this has developed over a number of sessions, initially both of us were quite anxious. As a student social worker I still feel slightly apprehensive about working in a counselling capacity as it is new to me; however I feel that increasing my knowledge in this area has helped reduce my anxieties. I fully appreciate that Child C may ask questions that I am unable to answer. I will ensure that I advise Child C that this is the case and that I will seek advise on the matter from my team manager.

A Pro Drop Parameter English Language Essay

A Pro Drop Parameter English Language Essay Pro-drop parameter is such a parameter for whether the declarative sentence in universal grammar can omit the subject. It is also known as null subject parameter, non-subject parameter. The so-called â€Å"pro-drop† phenomenon refers to the subject can be deleted in the declarative sentence (White, 1986). The pro-drop parameter (null subject parameter) proposed is based on the phenomenon of omitted subject pronouns in some language. The empty synonymous is commonly known as pro, the language of the subject can be omitted due to the pro appears only in subject position, or the language with no main statement can be called as pro-drop language. Whether the subject can be omitted constitutes a parameter in universal grammar, known as pro-drop parameter. Pro-drop parameter is a universal grammar parameter which is the most discussed (Chomsky and Lasnik, 1991). It is an important parameter to examine the second language acquisition effect in the study of the second language learni ng. Pro-drop parameter assumption studies the adult null subject phenomenon to show the object-drop in the children’s language, the basic premise of the theory is for the most grammar provides null subject parameter for language learners (White, 1986). This default parameter allows null subject, so only when the child’s language environment provides them with clear evidence to prove their language cannot be null subject, it will lead them to reset the parameters. Different languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹have different pro-drop parameter values, that is, to determine whether the declarative sentence can omit the subject. Chomsky (2000) argues that the sentence has two levels, one is the deep structure (d-structure) to express the sentence vocabulary meaning, it is the concept structure in the brain before the people to talk; the other is the shallow structure (s -structure) to express the moving relationship of sentence elements, it is the sound people sp eak. Principles and parameters theory claims that empty synonymous pro only appears in d-structure, and does not appear in s-structure (Ouhalla, 2000). In the d-structure of the implied subject sentence, the subject is existed, invisible pro is taken as the subject, the main word syntactic component does not disappear, and it is still present in the speech’s heart and brain syntax with â€Å"psychological reality.† In the s-structure of the implied subject, the subject is existed in the form of â€Å"null†, the subject form of this â€Å"null† is called pro. It knows that the pro is implied in s-structure. Although many studies have tried to explain second language learners like children acquisition native-like to set the open parameters, since the early 1980s, people found that the initial stage of the second language learners will transfer the parameters set in mother tongue (Gass and Schachter, 1989; Lydia, 1989, 1991). Here, taking the implied pro par ameters for illustration here carries out a brief description of the similarities and differences in setting of this parameter in the native language. In addition, it will also explain the potential advantages are of the assumption there is a pro drop parameter. In children’s brain, the setting of the language parameter can be considered a switch: children adjust each parameter value according to their heard language material. Chomsky (2000) suggests that the transition from the initial state to a stable state is actually the process of setting switch direction (Cook and Newson, 2000, pp.110). Acquisition of English syntax means setting the all parameters in universal grammar according to the English habit, and the parameter settings are activated relying on linguistic evidence. Usually there are three linguistic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹instances: positive evidence, direct negative evidence and indirect negative evidence. Positive evidence refers to the language h eard by children. The linguistic instance heard by British children enables them to find English is a non-implicit pro parameter language. Spanish children will find that Spanish is the implicit pro parameter language. Direct negative evidence, also known as direct correction, is directly from the adult corrections. However, the direct correction is limited. Even if corrected directly, children also tend to ignore, thus the direct correction cannot be the main source for the children to obtain the language skills. Indirect negative evidence is such a language form for the children cannot hear. British children are impossible to hear such as â€Å"Sits.† statement, or reversed predicate word order, such as â€Å"Sits he.† So, some studies suggest that the indirect negative instance contributes to the setting of parameters. Hyams (1981) specifically studied the implicit pro parameter setting in the native language acquisition. She found that the British children could sp eak many sentences without subject like the Spanish, such as: â€Å"Play it.† Or â€Å"No go in†. At the same time, in their language they will leave the words such as ‘it’ and ‘there’. Gradually, they began to understand that the English needs the lexical subject and added the function words ‘it’ and ‘there’ in sentences. While the Spanish children in the beginning thought that Spanish is the language of the implicit parameter, and does not need to change. Hyams (1981) believes that in the acquisition of the mother tongue, the children regard the implied pro parameters as a default, it is, regardless of their language, always speak the sentences without subject, the children eventually found the parameter values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹from the positive evidence. Non-implied pro parameters language English uses impersonal Indefinite pronoun ‘it’ in the sentences expressing weather: â€Å"Ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s raining.† In the presence of the sentence, ‘there’ is used: â€Å"Once upon a time, there were three bears.† The emergence of expletive subject makes the British children were aware of the English is a non-implied subject language. Cook (2000: 90) argued that the basis for the universal grammar to explain language acquisition lies in the positive evidence plays a key role. Children are mainly from the positive evidence rather than negative evidence to acquisition of the mother tongue.

Communication class Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication class - Movie Review Example This is very similar to the research conducted in which relationships develop when two individuals have similar interests or see each other on a regular basis. Clearly, the film illustrates that these two characters had much in common listening to the same music band, going to the same gym and frequenting the same bar. These similarities make building a relationship much easier as the relationship already has building blocks from which it can grow. However, there are several discrepancies in the film for relationship building as shown in the research. The largest discrepancy in the film for relationship development is the same ultimate plot conflict in which Janet was strategically placed in each environment she happened to meet up with Sam. With this happenstance, Sam grew the confidence to begin speaking with Janet repeatedly and eventually ask her on a date, which would last for over one year. However, this type of confidence is rarely found and conflicts with research for divorce es who typically find it difficult to make the first move. Relationship building does occur and is likely when individuals have similar interests, but Sam was not in a position to approach Janet due to his recent divorce. He was only dating women to try to deal with the pain and loneliness he was experiencing, but he legitimately had strong feelings for her from the first moment in the gymnasium.

Labour Law in Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Labour Law in Canada - Research Paper Example The act relied on voluntary participation. This statute embodied three basic rules; the compulsory investigation of labour dispute by government appointed third parties; the expectations that informed public opinion would bring pressure for government for compromise and the provision of work stoppage pending investigation.1 Fragmentation of Canadian labour law is reinforced by provincial legislation that restricts on unity of collective bargain after negotiation at workplace level. It is further intensified by social class and economic inequality among Canadian workers. Despite the 1960s and 1970s growth of women’s participation in unions and the labour market activities- especially because of public employment that came with, expansion of gender entitlements - they continued occupying positions in low-wage activities and sectors.2 liberty to decide whether or not they want union representation, union pluralism strengthens the complexity of the representative structure, but weakens the potential for union harmony and expansion3 Workers join trade unions in order to join together and face the power of the employer over employees. The most significant role of labour union in regards to workers is to even the inequality of bargaining power between a worker and employer. For example, in case of disagreement, the most important threat issued by the worker is withdrawal of labour or a strike. Such threats will be significant if the entire labour force is involved. In some cases a worker can be fired without cause. The low level of unionisation as discussed by Fudge and Vosco is a result of unemployment, unfair labour union practices and increasing self employment opportunities.1 Corporate restructure focused on destruction of vertical structures and subcontracting, which had a decisive impact on labour market segmentation. This also occurred in small companies, where it is

E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

E-commerce - Essay Example The Author of essay "E-commerce" describes features and benefits, that can be obtained with the usage of this method. Also, the writer claims that the world largest computer network is the internet. With the astonishing growth of the Internet nowadays, many companies are finding new ways to expand their business opportunities. One can even say that there are almost all companies used computers in their everyday business. Thus, E-commerce is emerging as an increasingly important way for businesses to reach potential customers. Rapid deployment of their cyber security measures helps to provide added security to their online resources such as e-commerce websites, extranets, and intranets. It is essential for these resources to operate in the safe, secure and stable environment as organizations work on huge stores of data and it is important to ensure to ensure the integrity of the data and protect the company’s e-commerce and IT infrastructure. With the dramatic evolution of communication and computing technologies and their standardizations, e-commerce has been more on the boom. Lowering of operation costs, enhancement of speed of transactions, and ease of global reach to vendors and customers are some of the major reasons for the increasing popularity of this emerging way of commerce today. The project analyses some of the major issues in terms of security of transaction and assets in e-commerce activities and components. This work is written by professional and includes all structural parts that will help you to get the A+!... The importance of information security for effectiveness of decision making for managers; its importance from the perspective of honour and goodwill of the organization and also from the technological perspective is discussed in the project. Security in E-commerce- Overview A secure e-commerce system accomplishes its tasks and goals without any unintended side effects. An insecure and unsafe e-commerce system may generate access to unintended complexities and threats which can have the potential to damage its intentions or purpose. In the software industry, security can be understood from two different perspectives. Software consumers regard protection of their information as one of the crucial and specific features of the system. Integrity, confidentiality and availability account for three of the main concepts in the protection of e-commerce system. This is crucial from both the perspectives of both the client and the vendor. A safe and secure e-commerce system not only allows easy and effective transaction between the vendor and the service provider but also adds to the goodwill and reputation of the company for being cautious about securing its clients’ information and data. It demonstrates its worth as being a reliable company which serves as its competitive strength in the market (IBM, 2005). The impact of Security on E-Commerce on the management of organizations It is important to understand that security is not only about technology. The security of e-commerce activities ultimately reflects through proper decision making and management of the organization. The primary essence of the management in any organization is decision making. Managers are

Human Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Geography - Essay Example The development of a certain geographical location in relation to people living there and the distribution of economic activities in that area are also considered. Human geography as a discipline includes various factors when carrying out a study on an area. These factors include historical characteristics of the area. History of a place can determine the type of houses that people build and the general layout of the town or city. The economic activities in a particular town are determinants in the human geography of a particular place because it is basis of what human geography studies. The economics of a place dictate the income generated by people of a particular town thus influencing the human geography of the area. The population size is factor that contributes to human geo of a place because there is always a difference between a densely populated and a sparsely populated region. Politics of a place can also be a determinant because, divisive politics causes conflict, which in human geo, is characterized by destruction and chaos. Settlement pattern in a given area depicts a lot about the human geo of a place. An organized settlement is resplendent of a working class population while the reverse could be said about job less population. This paper aims to highlight the human geography of a district in Peterborough city referred to by the name of Census Tract 11. According to secondary sources, this area has a high population of people with an average mean of age 42 years. Although this is the mean age, there is relatively high population of children between the years of 5 and 10, which is evidenced by large numbers of kids seen playing in Parkhill/Water on the south. The social space of the district is characteristic of efforts by the authority to satisfy the need for more playing space. This is done to complement the existing space with mobile playpens at supermarkets and any other available and unused space. The area also has a fair amount of student popu lation that is characterized by cyber cafes and coffee shops. This shops and cafes have been installed with wireless access to the internet enabling the student population to handle their school while socializing. An ice rink is available in the area where the high schools in the area can hold their ice hockey games and recreational ice skating. The tract is mainly composed of middle class residents, which are illustrated, by the type of cars parked during the day in the driveways. The cars exhibit a relatively fair and standard of living of living with most of showing two car parking spaces. The student population and low-income earners, who live within the tract, mainly use the public transport system. Most of the houses in the tract are big houses meant to hold families comfortably. The houses look like they are mostly mortgage acquired homes because it does not look like their respective owners could have built them (Norton, 2010). According to secondary sources, I expected to s ee low-end houses where the residents are low-income earners who cannot afford the houses exhibited in other tracts in the city. The area has a couple of housing apartments that are mostly leased out to students or temporary residents. There was no sign of any semi permanent housing in the tract leave for the tents used by restaurants to extend their businesses to the pavements on the streets. There is evidence or recent development of row homes a characteristic of upsurge in real estate business in the

Late Stage Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Late Stage Abortion - Essay Example This essay demonstrates different opinions and controversial meanings, that often surround abortion topic. This essay specifically takes a look on woman's right on abortion in general and late stage abortion as well. Controversial opinions of doctors and researches are also represented, but all agree that babies and their mothers have the right to be protected. This essay focues on what makes abortion victims. Its' suggests that the victim is not only denied experiences and projects, but there are some other things, which the aborted fetus cannot enjoy now but would have experienced them in future, which the fetus is denied or deprived of. There are also questions discussed such as: is it correct or not to kill unborn babies because it deprives them of their future. Late stage abortion is, mostly considered as wrong because logical arguments that surround it are about human rights. Some people claim that a woman has a right to privacy, entitled to her own decisions and act or behave in accordance to her own body to be carried out in terms of protection. However, when it comes to her committing an issue such as late stage abortion, their actions may be questioned. In conclusion, this essay simplifies to the two main conflicting events in this scenario. First one is whereby the women has the right to act to her own body and right to privacy. Or whether or not two individuals rights need to be in agreement, woman's and her unborn child. In addition, the women has obligation to the baby because she avoided using contraception to ward off pregnancy.